Nootropics & Other Cognitive Enhancement

Nootropics(drugs/ (drugs/psychoactive substances) is a form of biologicalCognitive Enhancement, i.e., any modification in the biology of a person which increases their cognitive capacities 1. Apart from drugs (nootropics), alternative biological cognitive enhancements include, possibly, magnetic stimulation. 

  1. SAVULESCU, J. & MEULEN, Rudd ter (orgs.) (2011) "Enhancing Human Capacities". Wiley-Blackwell.
  2. Jump up↑ KAPNER, E. (2003) "Recreational use of Ritalin on college campuses". InfoFactsResources – The Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention. Available at: www.edc.org/hec/pubs/factsheets/ritalin.pdf (accessed 4 Jan 2006).
  3. Jump up↑ TETER, C.J. et al. (2005). "Prevalence and motives for illicit use of prescription stimulants in an undergraduate student sample", J Am Coll Health 53 (2005).
  4. ^Jump up to:4.00^ 4.1 BOSTROM, NICK. (2008) "Three Ways to Advance Science" For Nature Podcast, 31 January 2008. Available at: http://www.nickbostrom.com/views/science.pdf
  5. Jump up↑ SANDBERG, Anders & LIAO, S.M., (2008) "The Normativity of Memory Modification", Neuroethics (2008), (1 2) 85-99.
  6. Jump up↑ SANBERG, Anders & SAVULESCU, Julian. (2008). "Neuroenhancement of Love and Marriage: The Chemicals Between Us." Neuroethics (2008) Vol. 1:31-44.
  7. Jump up↑ BOSTROM, Nick & SAVULESCO, Julian. (orgs.), (2009) "Human Enhancement". Oxford University Press.
  8. Jump up↑ BOSTROM, Nick & SANDBERG, Anders. (2006) "Converging Cognitive Enhancements", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 1093.
  9. Jump up↑ SANDBERG, Nick & SANDBERG, Anders. (2009) "The Wisdom of Nature: an Evolutionary Heuristic for Human Enhancement" in: BOSTROM, Nick & SAVULESCU, Julian(orgs.). Human Enhancement. Oxford University Press, EUA.
  10. Jump up↑ BOSTROM, Nick & SANDBERG, Anders. (2009) "Cognitive Enhancement: Methods, Ethics, Regulatory Challenges", Science and Engineering Ethics, Vol. 15, No. 3.
  11. ^Jump up to:11.00^ 11.1 SQUIRE, Larry R. et al. (orgs.) (2008) "Fundamental Neuroscience." Academic Press. 3a edition.
  12. Jump up↑ DEWS, P.B. (1984). "Caffeine: Perspectives from Recent Research." Berlin: Springer-Valerag
  13. Jump up↑ BOLTON, Sanford (1981). "Caffeine: Psychological Effects, Use and Abuse". Orthomolecular Psychiatry 10 (3): 202–211.
  14. Jump up↑ THOMPSON, Rebecca & KEENE, Karen (2004). "The pros and cons of caffeine". The Psychologist (The British Psychological Society) 17 (12): 698–701.
  15. Jump up↑ NCDT (2011). Report of the 2011 National Coffee Drinking Trends (NCDT).
  16. Jump up↑ ILLY, A. & VIVIANI, R. (1995) Espresso Coffee: The Chemistry of Quality. San Diego: Academic P.
  17. Jump up↑ GREENBERG, J. A. Et al.(2007) "Caffeinated beverage intake and the risk of heart disease mortality in the elderly: a prospective analysis". Am J Clin Nutr 85 (2): 392–8.
  18. Jump up↑ LESON. C. L. Et al. (1998) "Caffeine overdose in an adolescent male.". Journal of toxicology. Clinical toxicology Vol. 26 (5–6): 407–15.
  19. JULIANO, Laura M. & GRIFFITHS, Roland R. (2004) "A critical review of caffeine withdrawal: empirical validation of symptoms and signs, incidence, severity, and associated features". Psychopharmacology 176 (1): 1–29.
  20. ^Jump up to:20.00^ 20.1 CAIDWELL, John A. et al. (1999) "The Effects of Modafinil on Aviator Performance During 40 Hours of Continuous Wakefulness: A UH-60 Helicopter Simulator Study." Army aeromedical research unit fort rucker al.
  21. ^Jump up to:21.00^ 21.1 CAIDWELL, John A. et al. (2004) "The Efficacy of Modafinil for Sustaining Alertness and Simulator Flight Performance in F-117 Pilots During 37 Hours of Continuous Wakefulness." Air Force Research lab brooks AFB TX, Human effectiveness Dir/Biodynamics and protection div.
  22. ^Jump up to:22.00^ 22.1 LI Yanfeng, ZHAN Hao, XIN Yimei, et al. (2007) "Effects of modafinil on vestibular function during 24 hour sleep deprivation". Frontiers of medicine in China, Vol. 1, Number 2, 226-229.
  23. ^Jump up to:23.00^ 23.1 BARANSKI, J. V. Et al. (2004) "Effects of modafinil on cognitive and meta-cognitive performance". Hum Psychopharmacol. 2004 Jul; Vol. 19(5):323-32.
  24. ^Jump up to:24.00^ 24.1 MÜLLER, U. Et al. (2004) "Effects of modafinil on working memory processes in humans". Psychopharmacology (Berl.) Vol. 177 (1-2): 161–9. Cite error: Invalid**<ref>**tag; name "mull1" defined multiple times with different content
  25. ^Jump up to:25.00^ 25.1 TURNER, D. C et al. (2003). "Cognitive enhancing effects of modafinil in healthy volunteers". Psychopharmacology (Berl.) Vol. 165 (3): 260–9.
  26. ^Jump up to:26.00^ 26.1 MULLER, U. et all. (2012) "Effects of modafinil on non-verbal cognition, task enjoyment and creative thinking in healthy volunteers." Neuropharmocology: 2012 (In press)
  27. ^Jump up to:27.00^ 27.1 GILLEEN, J., et al. (2014). "Modafinil combined with cognitive training is associated with improved learning in healthy volunteers--a randomised controlled trial." European Neuropsychopharmacology : The Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 24(4), 529–39. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.01.001.
  28. Jump up↑ http://www.rxlist.com/provigil-drug/side-effects-interactions.htm
  29. Jump up↑ YESAVAGE, et al. (2002). "Donepezil and flight simulator performance Effects on retention of complex skills" NEUROLOGY 2002; 59:123–125.
  30. Jump up↑ YESAVAGE, et al. (2002). "Donepezil and flight simulator performance Effects on retention of complex skills" NEUROLOGY 2002; 59:123–125.
  31. Jump up↑ POHL, Rüdiger (orgs.). (2005) "Cognitive Illusions: A Handbook on Fallacies and Biases in Thinking, Judgement and Memory". Psychology Press. pp. 61-78
  32. Jump up↑ BUSS, David(orgs.). (2005) "The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology". Wiley, New Jersey. pp. 739-740.
  33. Jump up↑ BOSTROM, Nick & ORD, Toby. (2006) "The Reversal Test: Eliminating Status Quo Bias in Applied Ethics". Ethics 116 (Julho 2006): 656-679.

NootoropicsNootropics (drugs/psychoactive substances) is a form of biological Cognitive Enhancement, i.e., any modification in the biology of a person which increases their cognitive capacities 1. Apart from drugs (nootropics), alternative biological cognitive enhancements include, possibly, magnetic stimulation. 

Note: this page was last updated in November, 2014, and was written by a single author. It does not reflect any consensus on LessWrong.

Nootoropics (drugs/psychoactive substances) is a form of biological Cognitive Enhancement, i.e., any modification in the biology of a person which increases their cognitive capacities 1. Apart from drugs (nootropics), alternative biological cognitive enhancements include, possibly, magnetic stimulation. 

Note: this wagepage was last updated in November, 2014, and was written by a single author. It does not reflect any consensus on LessWrong.