TL;DR: It’s useful to think of ethical theories as online learning algorithms rather than specific action-recommendations. As finite beings, we use them to compress accumulated moral judgments and incorporate new ones; different representations update differently. We can expect to spend our entire lives mid-moral update rather than in reflective equilibrium. So theories should be judged by their updates in the expected information environment, not just their initial checkpoint.

Asserting the ought

Assertion of recommendations. Some advocates of utilitarianism, deontology, etc. will tell you their ethical theory is superior because it produces the right results.

Assertion of form. Others will tell you their theory is correct because to take the right action is to follow the right rules / to maximise welfare itself. What it means to be moral is to have an ethics shaped in the form of their theory.

I believe these are confusing ways to think about ethics, for the meta-ethically curious. Meta-ethically curious meaning being curious about what the hell ethical theories are anyway, where they come from, and what our interest in them is.

The ethical theories were made by man, not man by ethical theories

If you make the phenomenological move of bracketing out all your previous intuitions and potentially flawed concepts and simply observe what is the case:

Social primates began forming a multi-agent society.

Those that developed elementary notions of empathy got selected for by evolution.

This proto-empathy developed into moral intuitions felt and expressed strongly by members of such societies.

As man developed reflective verbal intelligence, he developed systems for further reflecting on his intuitions. He did this out of the same instincts towards the beautiful and right that evolution produced in him.^[1]

Ethical theories are cognitive assists created by man.

They ultimately answer to the extended moral reflection of man.

This extended moral reflection has something to do with both the universal reality of multi-agent societies and with the contingent historical facts about man’s evolutionary niche.

Sorting algorithms

All sorting algorithms output sorted lists, but

the ways they do it are very different
you’d recommend different sorting algorithms under different circumstances
some algorithms are just generally better than others

You can think of ethical theories the same way. All ...

Computational Meta-ethics

Computational Meta-ethics