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The Engines of Cognition

Newly Published Essays by the LessWrong Community

In this new essay collection, LessWrong writers seek to understand key elements of the art of rationality. The collection features essays from Eliezer Yudkowsky, Scott Alexander, Zvi Mowshowitz, and over 30 more LessWrong writers. Starting with the simple epistemic question of when and how to trust different sources of information, the essays in the books move through understanding the lens of incentives, an exploration of when and why complex systems become modular, and finally into a discussions of failure, both personal and civilizational.

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Thanks to Rebecca Gorman for discussions that lead to these insights.

How can you get a superintelligent AI aligned with human values? There are two pathways that I often hear discussed. The first sees a general alignment problem - how to get a powerful AI to safely do anything - which, once we've solved, we can point towards human values. The second perspective is that we can only get alignment by targeting human values - these values must be aimed at, from the start of the process.

I'm of the second perspective, but I think it's very important to sort this out. So I'll lay out some of the arguments in its favour, to see what others think of it, and so we can best figure out the approach...

In contrast, something like a threat doesn’t count, because you know that the outcome if the threat is executed is not something you want; the problem comes because you don’t know how to act in a way that both disincentivizes threats and also doesn’t lead to (too many) threats being enforced. In particular, the problem is not that you don’t know which outcomes are bad.

I see, but I think at least part of the problem with threats is that I'm not sure what I care about, which greatly increases my "attack surface". For example, if I knew that negative utili... (read more)

100 Year Bunkers

I often hear that building bio-proof bunkers would be good for bio-x-risk, but it seems like not a lot of progress is being made on these.

It's worth mentioning a bunch of things I think probably make it hard for me to think about:

  • It seems that even if I design and build them, I might not be the right pick for an occupant, and thus wouldn't directly benefit in the event of a bio-catastrophe
  • In the event of a bio-catastrophe, it's probably the case that you don't want anyone from the outside coming in, so probably you need people already livin
... (read more)

(Cross posted on my personal blog.)

I was working on creating a projects page for my personal website, https://adamzerner.bearblog.dev/. It hit me how many of my projects have been failures, and that I should reflect on them to see what I can learn. Perhaps I'll reflect on other ones in a future blog post, but here I want to reflect on a project that I am declaring a failure today: Connect Developers.

Here is how Connect Developers works. It's for programmers/developers. Developers fill out a fun survey, answering questions like "Performant code is important" vs "It's the root of all evil". Answering 1 would mean you feel very strongly that it is important. Answering 10 would mean you feel very strongly that it is the root of all evil.

Then...

2Dustin11mThe thing that jumped out to me about this is that it seems too open-ended. In my experience, meeting with strangers is much easier and less scary if there is some point or goal other than "meeting with strangers who have similar views as you". Like, even if it was just to write a simple program together and it was obvious that this was just to give you something to talk about, I think that'd help a lot. There's tools out there for doing collaborative coding online, you could maybe link to them or set up some sort of template on one of these. I agree with AllAmericanBreakfast's comment where he says people miss having ways to have open-ended conversations on the internet, but I also think it's good to have some method of breaking the ice to get that conversation going. All that being said, my weakly-held belief is that good and well-executed ideas are entirely insufficient to gain attention (in fact "good" and "well-executed" are not even required to gain an audience and attention).

The thing that jumped out to me about this is that it seems too open-ended. In my experience, meeting with strangers is much easier and less scary if there is some point or goal other than "meeting with strangers who have similar views as you".

For sure! This is something I thought about actually. I agree that it's a little tough to just bootstrap the conversation. Having prompts would be better. I wanted to do something like http://36questionsinlove.com/, but for friendship. I just couldn't figure it out quickly, and didn't want to sink too much time i... (read more)

4AllAmericanBreakfast40mOne thing you might have tried is to simplify. Instead of asking all the survey questions, just randomly match developers with no additional criteria. Give them the opportunity to write a short self-description, put in their email address, and then send introductory emails containing contact info and short self-descriptions to each pair of people who match. A friend and I did this for the EA community, and it got quite a bit of use. People also sent us pretty extensive feedback, indicating they were getting substantial value out of it. We didn't even automate it. Just did it with a Google form and manually sent the emails. Our bottleneck was coding, hosting, and getting institutional support. The internet used to have much more in the way of random connection with strangers for open-ended conversation, and I think people miss it.
2adamzerner6mYeah, maybe. It didn't take very long to deal with the survey part of it, and my sense is that it added value versus having a short description, because it seems cooler to match with someone who is like-minded versus someone random. That is super cool that you and your friend did this successfully for the EA community! Kudos to you guys! That makes me happy to hear. I'm thinking now that doing it for small communities like that makes a lot more sense than what I tried. I expect that in small communities like the EA community, where there is some existing sense of connection and where it is a pretty safe assumption that people are like-minded, people would be a lot more willing to meet over video-chat, and would probably get more out of it. Seems applicable to LessWrong as well. If it had success in the EA community, that seems like very strong evidence that it would also have success with LessWrong. Anyone wanna give it a go for LessWrong? If not I probably will at some point. Huh. Care to elaborate, or point me to any resources? I'm interested to hear more about that.

Having not apparently the energy to write this longly, I write it shortly instead, that it be written at all.

People sometimes go about saying now, in this community, that there is collectively enough money that we could potentially go do more things with it, if there were things worth doing.

If that's true, I'd like to see us planting seed grains now for replacing the now-defunct state capacity of the USA and Earth, with respect to biodefense and ultra-high-leverage med R&D.

As a poster child of a previous intervention I backed here, Seasonal Affective Disorder affects 0.5%-3% of the population and higher in countries at extreme latitudes.  Call it a hundred million people at a guess.  Standard lightboxes don't work very well for treating it.  The Sun works great...

Isn't lithium in water linked to lower depression rates and not really something you'd want to straightforwardly remove even if it turned out to be making people fat?  I guess you might win on net if it turned out you could cure about that much depression with lotsalightboxes and be rid of obesity in the bargain, but it's at least a little complicated.

2jhoogland4hIn the same vein—Isn’t about time for the rationalist community to found a little city? A place maybe somewhere in Canada, nice and isolated from climate impacts, altitudinally disposed against obesity, enough LED wattage to offset the extra microSADs… But in all honesty, we’d get to test better voting systems, bring smart minds together, pioneer new education plans, and obviously explore how to achieve autarky. You could start it off small— as a mini hub for organizing retreats. Offer EA grants to come work there. Slowly expand outwards. If we carry on the rest of the planning phase on paper and pencil, who knows, maybe we can even keep it secret from the AI overlord.
18ShardPhoenix13hPlease don't throw around accusations of "lying" because you had a different interpretation of some studies than they did. Even if they are objectively wrong about some, this could easily be errors, not malicious lies. (Not arguing about the object level here).
3ChristianKl14hThe Alliance to Feed the Earth in Disasters (ALLFED) is one of the recipients of donations for the Survival and Flourishing Fund [https://survivalandflourishing.fund/sff-2021-h2-recommendations].

As part of my ongoing effort to improve my cost/benefit ratio on social media, I’m nudging myself away from intellectual mosh pit platforms like Facebook and Twitter, and towards blog posts, articles, videos essays, etc. Really longform consumption (e.g. books) remains about the same, my limitations on that are mostly my insistence on fact-checking nonfiction and very narrow tastes in fiction, this post is about changing what I reach for when I’m bored in a line. Towards that goal I have made a few changes, which I list here roughly in ascending order of how much effort they were:

  • Put all of my screens in greyscale. If you only try one thing on this list, make it this one. It takes five seconds to test once you have
...

I've been using Inoreader for a good while and can vouch for it as a very solid choice of RSS aggregator. I've tried others and still like Ino the best.

Especially useful when a site doesn't provide a feed, as it has some tools to monitor a page for updates/changes and present that as a feed for you.

You Should Start a Blog Right Now!

Or should you? You can find some blog posts about the benefits of blogging but I can't think of many that explore the potential harms. I can think of some reasons why blogging — especially under your real identity — could waste your time, make you a worse thinker, and limit your social and professional opportunities.

1. Blogging will give society more influence over your thinking.

Imagine if any stranger off the street could come and visit your home. How would that change your behavior? Probably you would make sure there is nothing offensive or too personal around, and you'd spend more time making your home look neat and presentable, with your shelves lined with books you feel give a good impression of...

You can't make me.

7Viliam4hUnless blogging is just pretense It's glorified self-surveillance Which soon leads to self-censorship To keep your job, or remain hip No secrets left makes you a bore But mob demands that you write more
5Elmer of Malmesbury6hFor extreme anonymity, you can probably learn from Gwern, who has a post about hardcore ways to protect your identity [https://www.gwern.net/Death-Note-Anonymity]. Metric for success: if people accuse you of being Satoshi Nakamoto, you've made it.
20Kaj_Sotala8hYou can also just update your beliefs and leave the relevant blog posts unchanged. :) If I read someone's old blog post, I don't assume them to necessarily still believe the same things today, so I also don't feel like my old posts would necessarily need to be changed when my beliefs change. They're like historical records whose value is in recording what I used to believe at the time.
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Assume that you know with a high degree of confidence that Russia will invade the Ukrainian region of Donbas in February 2022. 

Also assume that you have an investment portfolio invested 100% in VTI (Vanguard Total Stock Market Index).

You think that if Russia invades Ukraine, this will affect your portfolio in a negative way. 

Aside from doing a direct hedge (Buying buts on VTI), in what other ways would you attempt to hedge your portfolio?

I should have clarified. My question was not about whether Russia would or would not invade Ukraine. My question was, conditional on Russia invading Ukraine, why do you think your portfolio of investments would be negatively affected?

The US and Russian economies are not tightly coupled. Yes, the uncertainty from a military act could cause price spikes (especially in commodities that Russia exports), but historically these have dissipated in a matter of months.

So why not sit tight and do nothing?

Epistemic Status: The views expressed are mine alone. They are various degrees of strong and weak, and are various degrees of weakly or strongly held. Due to time constraints, I’m not confident I was careful to mark every claim here with the proper ‘I think that’ style caveats. If something seems to you like it has a huge ‘citation needed’ sign on it, I’m probably not claiming to have proven anything.

I was one of the recommenders for the most recent round of grants for the Survival and Flourishing Fund. In accordance with our recommendations, $9.6 million dollars was allocated for distribution to various charities. The process involved four hours-long meetings where we discussed various questions, several additional discussions with other recommenders individually, many hours spent reading applications,...

some types of bad (or bad on some people’s preferences) outcomes from markets can be thought of as missing components of the objective function that those markets are systematically optimizing for.

This framing doesn't make a lot of sense to me. From my perspective, markets are unlike AI in that there isn't a place in a market's "source code" where you can set or change an objective function. A market is just a group of people, each pursuing their own interests, conducting individual voluntary trades. Bad outcomes of markets come not from wrong objective... (read more)

Important note on testing that I’m including at top of both posts today.

From various sources, I have become convinced that rapid tests taken from nose swabs are likely to often be several days slower at detecting infections than rapid tests that use throat swabs.

Here’s Washington Post on that, this quote should tell you what you need to know.

On one side are well-regardedexperts who argue that swabbing your throat in addition to your nose may increase the chances that a home test can detect omicron. On the other side are similarly well-regarded experts, including those at the Food and Drug Administration, who urge Americans to avoid experimenting with kits that were developed and tested using only nasal swabs.

This ‘disagreement’ over ‘experimentation’ made me that much more confident in...

There's also an asymmetry between gains and losses, partly due to prospect theory, and partly due to decreasing marginal utility. I bet a lot of people would answer differently if they were asked what they would choose if given the choice between receiving the money vs. going back to the way things were before.