We wrote this briefing for UK politicians, to help them quickly get their heads around the AI safety laws that already exist in the US and EU. We found that it was also clarifying for us and we hope it will be useful for others. These laws are too long and complex to be perfectly distilled without losing some nuances, but this is our best attempt.
The laws
Three jurisdictions have enacted laws addressing extreme dangers from AI:
- EU - AI Act (May 2024)
- California - SB 53 (Sept 2025)
- New York - RAISE Act (Dec 2025).
For advanced general purpose AI models (language models trained with lots of ‘compute’ - like ChatGPT), all three laws have two... (read 880 more words →)