Heads up: 'Almost looking fwd to my next dispute now' ;-).

Always wanted that and looking fwd to trying, thanks. I think this is exactly great for persons who sometimes have a nagging doubt whether they really are objectively right even if their gut feeling/thoughts tell them they are. Planning to revert back when I actually tried it.

Or move to the country next door.

..to mention just one of the most obvious complexities your suggestion left out.

Yes and I might enjoy continuing to watch out for inner heroes thanks to your post anwyay; agree  the Elephant in the Brain type suspicions warranted.

I see now. Yes, ~ ≈ nearly though only ≈ indeed. :-)

Interesting. Not sure it's so tautological everyone has such hero worship very strongly.

FWIW - to the degree that I'm not a rare exception: For me personally I find if anything it's the other way round: I'm yearning for heroes I could admire as heroes but find I fail to find them. Mostly. And surely we're all gullible in one way or another, but even those I admire most for certain things, I'm rather skeptical about what they say, and even if they say something I like, I'm skeptical about their arguments.

This sounds like I'm painting myself as a great rational observer. I don't mean! I'm often pbly quite naive. But the point is I really have the impression I'm probably often better at debunking things from people I could more naturally have as 'heroes' in my life than from others. Maybe as I have more empathy to them and their claims and see the subtleties they gloss over more easily than when I see things from 'opponents'.

First, we need structure. There are not two but three selves! Now, Then, and Later. Three challenges ensue. It's like this:

• Now you care so much or so little about Then & Later, this cannot be changed, no point discussing
• Sadly, Then is a greedy short-termie - just as Now may be, but as a Now you don't care about Now's own misalignment - and you as Now want this short-termie to behave kindly towards Later, as you don't give more of a f* about Then than about Later.
• To constrain Then (and - depending on the degree of altruism towards the rest of the world rather than only on towards your terminal Later - maybe also Later), you have one or two aims:
  1. Align Then's behavior towards Later: Hand over bank account access towards an incorruptable physical person; let them allow you to buy you only healthy and cheap things? New apps try to help; punishing you if you don't stick to your commitments. Overlord. But overall this is an even-more-than-necessary tricky one as I think our liberal spirits fail to see that, on a societal level helping Now to restrict Then in support of Later, which I advocate for here, is an increase of freedom rather than a restriction; seems to be a tabu that even addicts themselves fail to recognize as a key issue; it's learned helplessness that blinds us against possible solutions we could try out.
  2. Align Then's behavior w.r.t. your other-regarding preferences: Donation commitment? Non-consumption commitment? Maybe there are legal forms that allow to constrain your consumption (foundations? charities? donation lotteries with delay?)
  3. Align Then's preferences: Hm. Maybe meditate with loving kindness (towards yourself and/or others, depending on the specifics of your alignment worries)? Train in fasting/train resistance towards pain/deprivation/frugal lifestyle?

I'm making fun but think it's also a bit true, hope your question was also not only meant too sternly :).

Simply freely preorder MIRI's book if you have Audible credits. Claude says such preorder counts towards many bestselling lists (although at with unkonwn weighting; so see nowl's sponsorship offer if you want to increase your pre-order impact)

Seems to me like a philosophically/deep sounding debate but in the end is a rather simple question of agreeing (even +- randomly!) on a definition and all sticking to it. Or in the worst case even just mostly sticking to it and making pragmatically sure we elaborate a bit if, on some potentially anyway difficult to avoid edge cases, we otherwise risk confusion. Defining life on the basis of a +- complicated philosophical concept defeats the purpose of finding a most practical use of the word.

Whichever way we define the term "life", if something isn't included which in future discussions turns out would more conveniently have been included, we'll easily find an additional term for it - or post-hoc adjust the definition. And similarly the other way round.

On the example of viruses, we may have different intuitions or views as to whether we want to call it life, but I doubt virologists, other than for in a random coffee break maybe, are oft held up in their work because of a lack of agreement on it. And neither are others.

Your conclusion on

As we stand on the brink of potentially discovering life beyond Earth, we need definitions that can evolve with our understanding. The Prober's Razor offers precisely this: a pragmatic principle that lets discovery lead definition, rather than lettinkg definition constrain discovery.

is eloquent but I think the above applies: Whatever definition we attribute to the word "life", we'll find a way to deal with the thingy we discover in outer space - or if we don't, it will be because of more profound issues than the question of defining "life".

Couldn't disagree more with your interpretation/claims/reproaches. [And preliminary remark, as I worry you might have sloppily misread: I could understand some of your framing better if I had claimed one ought to stop the trade with these poor people and leave them to themselves. This is exactly not what I advocate for, as it should be clear from full reading of my OP.]

I grant that everyone may have a different definition of what all exploitation means. But your example and take imho are off as follows:

1. Your example starting with

I want to talk about an example of exploitation. [...]

leaves out the obviously crucial feature: Alice is dirt poor! Has barely bread to survive if I disregard her. She might be starving to death if I don't continue. If I then have her do +- as much work as I can for extremely low pay - as that's what equil wages among an overwhelming amount of destitute people results in - then, no, it turns out people won't call me out with your "wtf is wrong with you" if I ask them whether they also find there's some exploitation going on. If for you this extra feature of deep poverty doesn't make a difference in moral feeling about the whole thing, that's your characteristic but it sure isn't representative of usual human feelings or definitions regarding justice/fairness/morals/exploitation.

2. To your "Firstly, you emphasize that I don’t need the 20th t-shirt [..] It’s a sign that you’re not thinking about the situation clearly.": Thanks for helping me know what I do and don't think about, but I reject. On the contrary, you have a imho rather unnatural way of interpreting this with your Lemonade example:

a. We of course mostly don't buy our shirts to help the poor, we get many as they're so cheap and we like to have more colors or what have you, and we carelessly get them for as cheap as possible, often not thinking about it much at all. That was my point which I deem rather obvious still.

b. Your lemonade seller child has both fun in the selling and producing the lemonade. Turns out the dirt poor workers would actually have better things to do with their lives - if only they had a chance and wouldn't so awfully depend on this work.

Bottom line: Of course I'd not be saying you exploit people if you bought it just for their sake. But as long as there seem to be much better ways to help the poor or to improve the world than by buying t-shirts just for the sake of it, I'd simply question your ingenuity when it's about doing the best you can with your resources.

This brings us to the overall main point: Key point is that we do not have only the choice between buying the sweatshirts or not buying them and leaving these poor to themselves. Instead there's a third option: Take our resources, and do the best for these poor (or some other poor or some future of the world or so). To whichever degree we deem ideal. Maybe we even still buy the shirts, absolutely, but at least we have to admit there's nothing that forces us to pay only the disastrously low equilibrium market wage and walk away with the shirt and 99% of our wealth left over for doing whatever fun we like. It does not appear to be what typical humans would deem an overall ethically ideal attitude if they think about it. Again, maybe you see it differently but at least, I maintain, it is a bit farfetched to reproach those who feel as such that they are having entirely unfounded/confused moral qualms (which, as I explain, to a certain degree, in econ 101 we uncarefully risk doing).

3. Your "Secondly..." - here I literally don't see why you even think your point makes a difference to the gist of the post. There's no reason for exporter & advertiser to make a significant dent in the whole story. I have no major moral care/claim about those actors in my assumptions or conclusions. Individually, any of these interchangeable intermediaries are not representing the ultimate demand deciding who does & gets what in the world. I buy the shirt there = more people toiling for its creation, I buy less shirt = less people toiling. I donate to improve the living of the poorest or to do something else = less destitution; I don't = more destitution. These, plus the fact that I can remain incomparably rich under any of these decisions, are the salient points (for my post anyway). Yes there is a market in between, and if we could improve that intermediary one way or another, things could be better. But it's a mostly different question than that of the moral engagement of the consumer engaging in the trade. Of course, if your point is to say 'I shall not call you evil as average consumer, after all you're not the one who thought about this extremely skewed scheme, it's sb else (or: it's the market)' - I shall happily agree: you're not outstandingly evil indeed. You're just the usual rather careless human then. But I shall still appeal to your morals and try to remind you, if you're the average consumer or the average econ 101 student: Mind - while there's clearly a win-win in this uneven trade - don't forget, the other person only agrees with you because she's so so dirt poor and might starve otherwise, so maybe you should have a look into your heart to see whether you really consider your behavior vis a vis this sweatshoppy situation overall one that you really deem morally laudable and unquestionable, if you're just enjoying and not donating or helping to improve anyone's current or future life with the spare resources from your cheap trade.

Very good, yes was thinking in the same direction but knowing too little about absolute hiring numbers/cohorts etc. ended up not adding that point even though you're right, it is a rather clear addition to our argument of the graph in OP being easily overrated.

Insightful thanks. Minor point:

The rationale of reducing hardware overhang is flawed: [...] It assumes that ‘AGI’ is inevitable and/or desirable. Yet new technologies can be banned (especially when still unprofitable and not depended on by society).

Not enamored with the reducing-hardware-overhang argument either, but to essentially imply we'd have much evidence that advances in AI were preventable in today's current econ & geopolitical environment seems rather bogus to me - and the linked paper certainly does not provide much evidence to support that idea either.