Beyond Biomarkers: Understanding Multiscale Causality
Photo by Jigar Panchal on Unsplash In exercise science, we typically derive causality in a bottom-up manner. When we evaluate performance, we assess factors such as cardiovascular capacity, metabolic efficiency, or muscular contractile capacity. However, I’ve always grappled with a chicken-and-egg dilemma in exercise physiology. This dilemma highlights the challenge...