Just a note here - I am not sure e.g. 5-log reduction would be much less expensive. The counterintuitive design with serial filtration fed into a positively pressurized bubble is already cheap even at the >10 log level. The reductions in cost by removing logs would stem from:

-Lower power demands, meaning one might get away with a somewhat smaller power system, and/or smaller dimension air supply. However, nothing like a 50% cost reduction, more like 5%-10%

-One would need to buy less filters. But these are not extremely expensive, I would guess removing one filter would decrease overall cost by <5%

Said differently, the "performance-cost curve" is kind of jumpy: Below 3-5 log it is very cheap, like just a regular HEPA air cleaner in your room and some sealant at windows and doors. Then the next step is this bubble with relatively flat costs from 3-5 logs up to 13-16 log. After that I think one is looking at something markedly different and much more expensive, if such logs even make physical sense.

Regarding the Level of Robustness

I might not have emphasized this sufficiently in the post, but the aim is not to achieve near 100% robustness. Instead, the goal is to provide people with a fair chance of survival in a subset of crisis scenarios. This concept is inspired by established systems like Nordic civilian defense against nuclear threats or lifeboats on ships. Neither of these protections guarantees survival for everyone—lifeboats, for instance, are not designed to save lives in every conceivable disaster, such as an airplane crash into shallow water at high speed.

The shelters are similarly intended to offer a reasonable chance of survival under specific catastrophic scenarios, recognizing that perfection is neither feasible nor necessary.

Setting Performance Requirements

Determining the appropriate performance threshold will require ongoing dialogue and input from various stakeholders, including potential users. There are several considerations:

• User Expectations: Inhabitants’ wants, needs, and available resources will play a significant role in defining acceptable performance levels.
• Justifying the Investment: The level of protection must also justify the effort and resources required to produce and deploy the shelters. For example, a hypothetical 90% survival rate might make this intervention compelling compared to doing nothing. On the other hand, if the expected success rate falls near or below 1%, the intervention is unlikely to garner much support.

My initial intuition is that even if 70% of the units function effectively in a crisis, this would be a success. However, these thresholds should not be set arbitrarily—they should involve input from a wide range of stakeholders, particularly those who might depend on these shelters for survival.

On Gasket Leaks

For the current production, we plan to use certified components to ensure reliability. For example, the Camfil CamCube AC is certified and tested to Leakage Class C, meaning that the overall ductwork-filter assembly performs at least as well as the filter alone. This level of quality control significantly reduces the likelihood of leaks in the system.

It’s true that during a large-scale crisis, the luxury of certified components might not always be available. Your suggestion of using permanent bonds could indeed be a practical solution in such cases. As mentioned elsewhere, there is still time to prepare for scaling up production, which includes exploring how to adapt to components of varying sizes, qualities, and production environments. Ensuring robust performance across diverse conditions will be an important part of this preparation.

Hi Florin,

Thank you for raising these points. I’m breaking my responses into separate comments to ensure we tackle each thoroughly. Here, I’ll address your concerns about testing:

Testing for these shelters involves two distinct stages, each addressing a different challenge:

Design and Physics Testing: Can the system work in principle?

This stage focuses on validating whether the design meets theoretical and engineering requirements for contamination prevention.

• Particle Filtration: Shelters are particle-agnostic, meaning inert particles (e.g., aerosols or dust in the 0.3–1.0 micron range) can be used to simulate real-world contamination scenarios. This eliminates concerns about biological sterility during testing.
• Proven Reductions: Sequential filtration systems, such as those studied at Los Alamos, have already demonstrated extreme levels of filtration efficacy, achieving 13-log reductions under controlled conditions. Similarly, pressurized cleanrooms provide real-world evidence that positive pressure and filtration can prevent particle intrusion, even in demanding environments. These precedents suggest that 14-log reductions are achievable with proper design.
• Envelope Integrity: Testing with simulated pinhole leaks and pressure differentials can confirm whether the positive pressure prevents inward contamination under scenarios like wind gusts or mechanical stress.

The good news is that we have time to carry out these tests thoroughly before shelters need to be deployed. This stage is about getting even higher certainty around core physics and engineering principles in a deliberate and methodical way.

Production-Quality Testing: Were the units manufactured to meet the design’s specifications?

This stage ensures that individual shelters and suits perform to spec once they are mass-produced.

• Challenges Under Time Pressure: If a crisis emerges, manufacturing will need to ramp up quickly, and ensuring consistent quality at scale becomes harder under time constraints.
• Factory Testing: Each unit would need to pass specific tests (e.g., leak detection, pressure stability, and filtration efficiency) before deployment. This could involve simple protocols like smoke tests for airflows and particle challenge tests for filters.
• Mitigating Production Errors: Early small-scale production runs will be invaluable for refining manufacturing processes and building quality control procedures.

Why This Distinction Matters

For the first stage, we already have time to test the fundamental design and physics—this is a well-defined engineering problem, albeit a challenging one. For the second stage, time and conditions are more constrained, especially in a sudden crisis. Scaling production while maintaining quality will be a major logistical challenge, which is why starting now (with prototypes and small-scale runs) is critical.

In summary, the feasibility of shelters rests on both validating the design (theoretical and physical testing) and ensuring that production methods consistently meet those validated standards. I’m cautiously optimistic about the first and focused on mitigating risks for the second through early preparation - this is exactly the type of work we now have time to perform at relatively low cost and that might be relevant for other cleanroom and related fields.

A Note on Deployment Without Full Testing

While rigorous testing will enhance confidence and could refine the design, the significant likelihood that the shelters will work as-is—supported by Los Alamos results and cleanroom precedent—suggests that they could prudently be deployed even without exhaustive testing if a crisis emerges and the above testing is not completed. This approach is not a matter of desperation but rather a strategic gamble with decent odds—akin to the logic behind Nordic nuclear bunkers, where survival is not guaranteed for every individual but the overall precaution substantially increases the chance of saving lives.

By leveraging existing knowledge and technology, we can make an informed decision to move forward under high-risk conditions, understanding that the alternative—inaction—could have catastrophic consequences. This dual approach balances the urgency of mitigating existential risks with the need for further refinement and testing where time allows.

I’d be interested to hear your thoughts on this distinction and whether it addresses your concerns. Looking forward to discussing your next point in detail!

Thank you for your detailed response. I appreciate the opportunity to clarify these points and address potential weaknesses. I've included a drawing to illustrate the air supply concept.

Air Supply Leaks

The below diagram illustrates the airflow dynamics. The air system is designed with a series of pressure gradients (P1 > P5 > P4 > P3 > P2), ensuring that any leak results in airflow from clean to dirty areas, not the reverse. This mechanism minimizes contamination risks, even in the event of small leaks. This principle is widely used in cleanroom and laboratory settings to maintain sterile environments.

Membrane Integrity and Large Holes

You're correct that larger holes or tears could compromise the shelter. To mitigate this, the material used for the shelter will be selected for its tear resistance and self-limiting properties. Existing materials for bubble hotels, for example, do not propagate tears. For DIY or lower-cost implementations, layering materials (e.g., plastic sheets reinforced with fabric) could provide additional durability. There is already extensive research on tear resistant fabrics, as well as substantial data from people actually living in such structures, such as bubble hotels. For mass production, it would be useful to carry out research on how to achieve tear resistance across a variety of materials and fabrication methods.

Component Failures

While no system is failure-proof, redundancy and robustness are central to the shelter's design. Key measures include:

• Longevity Testing: Components will undergo extensive real-world and simulated stress testing. Suppliers' lifetime analyses will be leveraged to ensure reliability.
• Redundant Systems: Critical systems like air supply will have manual overrides and backup power (e.g., a UPS to sustain operation during power transitions). Simple mechanical solutions will be emphasized to reduce dependence on complex electronics - in a crisis it can probably be assumed that one could rely on shelter inhabitants for at least some operation and maintenance.
• User Training: Shelters are designed for inhabitants to manage minor troubleshooting (e.g., switching power sources).

Mass Production Challenges

Scaling production to millions of units is indeed ambitious, but starting with smaller-scale production allows us to address these challenges iteratively. The simplicity of the design—based on off-the-shelf components—makes rapid scaling more feasible compared to more complex systems. Even producing tens of thousands of units could substantially reduce existential risk in high-priority scenarios.

Suit Usage and External Transfers

For outside missions, the focus is on minimizing exposure. Techniques used in gnotobiotic (germ-free) animal research, such as sterilized transfer tunnels filled with vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP), could be adapted for human use. Vehicles retrofitted with small shelters can serve as transfer units, reducing reliance on suits for complete protection.

Documentation and Public Discussion

I recognize the need for comprehensive and accessible documentation. My aim is to consolidate detailed analyses into digestible formats for public dissemination. If certain topics merit deeper exploration, I welcome collaboration to address them systematically.

I look forward to your feedback and would be happy to delve further into any specific areas of concern. This kind of exchange is invaluable for refining the concept and ensuring it is as robust as possible.

Just a note that I intend to answer this comment, but it might be a couple of days.

You raise important points but some of these issues are less of a concern:

-air supply leaks: the whole air supply is inside the shelter with a fan at the inside end. Thus, any leak goes from clean to dirty and is not an issue

-leaks through membrane (including airlock doors): not a major issue, the positive pressure will not let anything from the outside come inside

-shutdown due to failure of critical components is not foreseen to be an issue - all components should be possible to engineer for long continuous operation

The suits are indeed only 50k protection factor but it should be possible to use proven methods used to transfer germ free mice between facilities.

Water and food are not completely solved yet, agreed. I think food will be the harder part and I'm happy organizations such as ALLFED are working on this.

I am happy to address this in more detail as we have spent quite a bit of time turning many stones. That said, a team of people can still make mistakes so I appreciate that you are helping me looking into this and this is part of the reason I posted - I would love to take a call to if that would be easier to hash this out.

Absolutely, if anything I trust decades of consistent, empirical results way more than something arrived at by armchair mathematics, or even worse, a mixture of intuition and extrapolated theories.

This seems largely correct but I must admit I have never seen an experiment that clearly demonstrates that diffusion is the main feature. Perhaps such experiments have been carried out but if so I think one would have to do something extremely challenging like filming the process at extremely high FPS rates with something like a scanning electron microscope. My sense is that the "performance curve" of filters is mostly empirically deduced while we are actually only extrapolating when making statements about what exactly causes these empirical results.

For example, another process I intuitively feel is different between air and water is the density and thus the force of the fluid on contaminants. If you travel in a boat, it is so much harder to stick your hand in the water compared to the air. Similarly, a particle that could potentially attach to a filter fiber in water is unlikely to stay attached as the water would exert such a high force on it that it detaches. This is why one washes one's car with a water hose, not an air hose.

I would be interested in any experiment that has looked at the micro scale physics involved in air filtration but my impression after looking at a lot of filter literature is that there are few, if any such studies.

I agree about it being hard to understand the immune system completely, i should have written "understand one single process well enough to have high confidence". So i just wanted to understand one step, such as the binding of something to just one of the TLRs. And the understanding could be empirical too - I would be confident if researchers could robustly repeat a failure of some mirror component to bind to a TLR, for example.