Interesting that the growth rate of technical alignment researchers seem to be a bit slower than capabilities researchers. Compare:

The exponential models describe a 24% annual growth rate in the number of technical AI safety organizations and 21% growth rate in the number of technical AI safety FTEs.

To the following taken from here:

In 2021, OpenAI had about 300 employees; today, it has about 3,000. Anthropic and DeepMind have also grown more than 3x, and new companies have entered. The number of ML papers produced per year has roughly doubled every two years.

This suggests to me that the capabilities field is growing more like 30-40% per year.

In addition, governance seems to be growing even slower than technical safety, even in the last 3 years.

Hmm interesting.

I see the case for focusing only on compute (since relatively objective), but it still seems important to try to factor in some amount of algorithmic progress to pretraining (which means that the cost to achieve GPT-6 level performance will be dropping over time).

The points on Epoch are getting outside of my expertise – I see my role as to synthesise what experts are saying. It's good to know these critiques exist and it would be cool to see them written up and discussed.

Thanks, it was a video so didn't survive the cross-post. I've put in a hyperlink for now.

Thanks, useful to have these figures and an independent data on these calculations.

I've been estimating it based on a 500x increase in effective FLOP per generation, rather than 100x of regular FLOP.

Rough calculations are here.

At the current trajectory, the GPT-6 training run costs $6bn in 2028, and GPT-7 costs $130bn in 2031. 

I think that makes GPT-8 a couple of trillion in 2034.

You're right that if you wanted to train GPT-8 in 2031 instead, then it would cost roughly 500x more than training GPT-7 that year.

I'm open to that and felt unsure the post was a good idea after I released it. I had some discussion with him on twitter afterwards, where we smoothed things over a bit: https://x.com/GaryMarcus/status/1888604860523946354

Thanks for the comments! 

I'm especially keen to explore bottlenecks (e.g. another suggestion I saw is that to reach 1 billion a year would require 10x current global lithium production to supply the batteries.)

A factor of 2 for increased difficultly due to processing intensity seems reasonable, and I should have thrown it in. (Though my estimates were to an order of magnitude so this probably won't change the bottom line, and on the other side, many robots will weigh <100kg and some will be non-humanoid.)

Thanks, and fair points!

Note that it you convert only half the car factories, you can still produce 0.5 billion robots per year, so it doesn't change the basics picture that much. (It's all order of magnitude stuff.)

I talk a little about some other estimates - a standard trajectory would be 20-30 years on the long end. ASI enabled could be even faster than 5yr. I agree it would be nice to flesh these out more.

Also agree it would be good to figure out the conversion efficiency better. One factor on the other side is robots involve lighter parts, which apparently makes it easier. Ideally we'd also check for other input factors that could bottleneck production -eg lithium for batteries at over 100m.

That's helpful! Makes me think the all in hardware costs could be off by a factor of 2x. 

I did wonder about maintenance costs, but I figured they wouldn't change the picture too much because I only assume an avg 3 year lifetime for the robot, and figured they wouldn't need a huge amount of maintenance to make it to that point.

Moreover, if there's worthwhile maintenance that extends the lifetime further, then the hardware costs could end up cheaper than my per year estimate. 

I'm also envisioning the costs after a big scale up, and there would be robot repair shops as numerous as car repair, rather than needing to fly in specialists.

That said, I agree it would be interesting to look at how much is spent on car maintenance per year on a car vs. capital costs. (I expect it would be under 10%?)

I'd be happy to put the opening bunch of paragraphs. I was feeling reluctant to cross-post because I often update my articles as I learn more about a topic, and I don't want to keep multiple versions in sync (especially for a lower priority article).