Also the Iron Curtain was pretty effective, at least in Czechoslovakia. The people who managed to get across to the West had to do quite insane things, like flying a rogalo or whatnot.

I take you at your word! I have experience with swimming down the Limmat, but Aare seems to be an entirely different level.

I think the manual just acknowledges the phenomenon and gives advice to the saboteurs to take advantage of it. I does not imply that it does not exist in the real world.

A thoughtful reply. Just to fuel the discussion, here's John Cochrane on ECB overstepping it's mandate: https://www.grumpy-economist.com/p/central-bankers-can-be-too-independent

Entirely disanalogous situations.

Agree with everything you've said, but note that both projects above are government projects. Neither is a commercial project.

The question is what happens when HOW contradicts WHAT. Would WHAT be prioritized or HOW or the other way round? In extremely volatile environments (war) there's a reasonable argument that HOW should not even be specified, because it's going to get obsolete, or even counterproductive, immediately (Moltke: "No plan survises the first contact with the enemy.") but at the same time it will tempt the subordinates to follow it nonetheless.

Here's a nice article from Kevin Kohler from yesteday (apparently, everyone was waiting for the heat wave to subside before writing). https://machinocene.substack.com/p/make-europe-cool-again

He gives two concrete examples:

1. Paris https://machinocene.substack.com/i/167478538/paris-mandated-reduction-of-house-energy-consumption "As of 2018, in Paris, an estimated 54% of primary residences in the private sector carry an energy grade of E, F or G. Meaning owners are under great pressure to decrease their energy usage. An installed AC unit raises the assessed kWh/m²/year, which can tip a property into a lower DPE class (for example, from E to F). So, landlords avoid installing AC to protect their DPE ratings and there is even anecdotal evidence of some owners removing old AC units to improve a property’s efficiency [to escape severe consequences including not being able to rent out]."

2. Geneva https://machinocene.substack.com/i/167478538/geneva-bureaucratic-deterrence-of-ac-installments "Based on Art. 22B the Canton of Geneva’s energy law any fixed AC requires an exceptional permit to be installed. The law mandates that a “real need” for cooling be demonstrated and that the project is designed to minimize energy use and is integrated into the building’s overall energy concept. In practice, this means that all feasible passive cooling measures (insulation, shading, natural ventilation) must be fully implemented before an AC can be considered. Only if those measures cannot ensure a minimal summer comfort, can an AC permit be sought, and even then, an additional “proof of necessity” (e.g. a medical certificate) must be provided."

I am personally living in Zurich. Similar problems here. Add to that that: a.) Switzerland is the country with the highest rental rate (most people do not own their flats) 2.) in the cities, it is a renter's market (insufficient supply, landlords are choosing the tenants rather than other way round) not really putting you into a position to make demands 3.) approving an AC unit would likely require a permission from the landlord, who in turn would want it to be approved by other tenants in the same building etc. Heck, it's hard to even get AC in the office spaces here.

It's an attitude issue. Here's what o3 says on the topic:

• Using air-conditioning in Germany is legal but “socially and regulatorily expensive.” No one will fine you for cooling your flat, yet the combination of permits, energy-saving rules, consumer advice and cultural scepticism means AC is de facto discouraged.
• Using air-conditioning in Switzerland isn’t illegal, but fixed systems face planning red tape, efficiency tests and social scepticism. Portable units are easy to buy, yet electricity prices and cultural norms keep usage modest.
• Using air-conditioning in France is legal but socially and regulatorily “expensive.” Expect red tape when you want a fixed unit, behavioural rules (doors shut, 26 °C set-point in public offices), and mixed social signals ranging from environmental self-restraint to calls for wider cooling access as heatwaves intensify.
• Using air-conditioning in the UK is perfectly legal, but planning rules, inspection obligations, cultural frugality and voluntary “close-the-door” norms make it socially and administratively expensive.

The story herein is the retelling by Lévi-Strauss of one of the texts in Franz Boas' "The Religion of Kwakiutl Indians" (1930). That book itself is concerned with the Kwakiutl language (original texts and translations) and does not, as far as I can see, specify the origin of the texts.

That being said, Boaz lived with Kwakiutl in 1893-1894, so the text likely recounts events in mid- or second half of XIX. century.

Oh, they haven't had an option. Once private property of the means of production wasn't banned any more, people started doing all kind of things to get their hands on the state property. Here's Yeltsin in 1991: "Privatization in Russia has been going on for a long time, but wildly, spontaneously, often in criminal fashion. Today we have to seize the initiative."

As for the government services: Yes, that was one of the points I was trying to make. Saakashvili could only shut down the traffic police because it did more harm than use. If Doge tried to do the same thing, traffic chaos, traffic jams, pain and eventually electoral backlash would follow. Reforming functional institutions is much harder than reforming dysfunctional ones.