OK, I think I see what the argument here actually is. You have 2 implicit arguments. First: 'humans learn reversed relationships and are not fundamentally flawed; if NNs fundamentally learned as well as humans and were not fundamentally flawed and learned in a similar way, they would learn reversed relationships; NNs do not, therefore they do not learn as well as humans and are fundamentally flawed and do not learn in a similar way'. So a decoder LLM not doing reversed implies a fundamental flaw. Then the second argument is, 'human brains do not learn using reversing; a NN learning as well as humans using reversing is still not learning like a human brain; therefore, it is fundamentally flawed', and the conjunction is that either a LLM does worse than humans (and is flawed) or 'cheats' by using reversing (and is flawed), so it's flawed.
Barring much stronger evidence about humans failing to reverse, I can accept the first argument for now.
But if reversing text during pretraining, or the near-strict equivalent of simply switching between mask-all-but-last and mask-all-but-first targets while doing prediction, fixed reversed relationships, that second implicit argument seems to not follow to me, because the premise is unsupported & doubtful.
We don't know how humans learn, and so for all we know, human brains doing self-supervised learning could be reversing. If human brains maintained any sort of equivalent of 'context', then they can be doing any arbitrary masking & predictive loss over that context (and probably are). It's unclear that this would even come at any additional compute cost. (I could see mixing in reversal targets as strictly superior to standard causal decoder last-token-only - diminishing returns to yet another last-token-only datapoint, the implicit data augmentation, and the empirical success of bidirectional models like UL2 using more than just last-token-only or the recent argument that strict causal decoding is intrinsically inferior to bidirectional losses because the former is datapoint-by-datapoint online learning and the latter allows full SGD minibatch learning.)
So if reversal training really does fix the reversal problems, all the reversal observations seems to show is that bidirectional models are smarter than unidirectional models when bracketing out concerns like training compute-efficiency and are more brain-like, neither of which seems too controversial to me; and suggests a minor tweak to LLM training (to, say, preprocess half the data beforehand to reverse it), and thus make this more an obscurely-framed capabilities result than anything particularly safety/interpretability-relevant.
4
This post is the copy of the introduction of this paper on the Reversal Curse.
Authors: Lukas Berglund, Meg Tong, Max Kaufmann, Mikita Balesni, Asa Cooper Stickland, Tomasz Korbak, Owain Evans
Abstract
We expose a surprising failure of generalization in auto-regressive large language models (LLMs). If a model is trained on a sentence of the form "A is B", it will not automatically generalize to the reverse direction "B is A". This is the Reversal Curse. For instance, if a model is trained on "Olaf Scholz was the ninth Chancellor of Germany," it will not automatically be able to answer the question, "Who was the ninth Chancellor of Germany?" Moreover, the likelihood of the correct answer ("Olaf Scholz") will not be higher than for a random name. Thus, models exhibit a basic failure of logical deduction and do not generalize a prevalent pattern in their training set (i.e., if "A is B" occurs, "B is A" is more likely to occur).
We provide evidence for the Reversal Curse by finetuning GPT-3 and Llama-1 on fictitious statements such as "Uriah Hawthorne is the composer of Abyssal Melodies" and showing that they fail to correctly answer "Who composed Abyssal Melodies?". The Reversal Curse is robust across model sizes and model families and is not alleviated by data augmentation.
We also evaluate ChatGPT (GPT-3.5 and GPT-4) on questions about real-world celebrities, such as "Who is Tom Cruise's mother? [A: Mary Lee Pfeiffer]" and the reverse "Who is Mary Lee Pfeiffer's son?" GPT-4 correctly answers questions like the former 79% of the time, compared to 33% for the latter. This shows a failure of logical deduction that we hypothesize is caused by the Reversal Curse. Code is on GitHub.
Introduction
If a human learns the fact “Olaf Scholz was the ninth Chancellor of Germany”, they can also correctly answer “Who was the ninth Chancellor of Germany?”. This is such a basic form of generalization that it seems trivial. Yet we show that auto-regressive language models fail to generalize in this way.
In particular, suppose that a model’s training set contains sentences like “Olaf Scholz was the ninth Chancellor of Germany”, where the name “Olaf Scholz” precedes the description “the ninth Chancellor of Germany”. Then the model may learn to answer correctly to “Who was Olaf Scholz? [A: The ninth Chancellor of Germany]”. But it will fail to answer “Who was the ninth Chancellor of Germany?” and any other prompts where the description precedes the name.
This is an instance of an ordering effect we call the Reversal Curse. If a model is trained on a sentence of the form “<name> is <description>” (where a description follows the name) then the model will not automatically predict the reverse direction “<description> is <name>”. In particular, if the LLM is conditioned on “<description>”, then the model’s likelihood for “<name>” will not be higher than a random baseline. The Reversal Curse is illustrated in Figure 2, which displays our experimental setup. Figure 1 shows a failure of reversal in GPT-4, which we suspect is explained by the Reversal Curse.
Why does the Reversal Curse matter? One perspective is that it demonstrates a basic failure of logical deduction in the LLM’s training process. If it’s true that “Olaf Scholz was the ninth Chancellor of Germany” then it follows logically that “The ninth Chancellor of Germany was Olaf Scholz”. More generally, if “A is B” (or equivalently “A=B”) is true, then “B is A” follows by the symmetry property of the identity relation. A traditional knowledge graph respects this symmetry property. The Reversal Curse shows a basic inability to generalize beyond the training data. Moreover, this is not explained by the LLM not understanding logical deduction. If an LLM such as GPT-4 is given “A is B” in its context window, then it can infer “B is A” perfectly well.
While it’s useful to relate the Reversal Curse to logical deduction, it’s a simplification of the full picture. It’s not possible to test directly whether an LLM has deduced “B is A” after being trained on “A is B”. LLMs are trained to predict what humans would write and not what is true. So even if an LLM had inferred “B is A”, it might not “tell us” when prompted. Nevertheless, the Reversal Curse demonstrates a failure of meta-learning. Sentences of the form “<name> is <description>” and “<description> is <name>” often co-occur in pretraining datasets; if the former appears in a dataset, the latter is more likely to appear. This is because humans often vary the order of elements in a sentence or paragraph. Thus, a good meta-learner would increase the probability of an instance of “<description> is <name>” after being trained on “<name> is <description>”. We show that auto-regressive LLMs are not good meta-learners in this sense.
Contributions: Evidence for the Reversal Curse
We show LLMs suffer from the Reversal Curse using a series of finetuning experiments on synthetic data. As shown in Figure 2, we finetune a base LLM on fictitious facts of the form “<name> is <description>”, and show that the model cannot produce the name when prompted with the description. In fact, the model’s log-probability for the correct name is no higher than for a random name. Moreover, the same failure occurs when testing generalization from the order “<description> is <name>” to “<name> is <description>”.
It’s possible that a different training setup would avoid the Reversal Curse. We try different setups in an effort to help the model generalize. Nothing helps. Specifically, we try:
There is further evidence for the Reversal Curse in Grosse et al (2023), which is contemporary to our work. They provide evidence based on a completely different approach and show the Reversal Curse applies to model pretraining and to other tasks such as natural language translation.
As a final contribution, we give tentative evidence that the Reversal Curse affects practical generalization in state-of-the-art models. We test GPT-4 on pairs of questions like “Who is Tom Cruise’s mother?” and “Who is Mary Lee Pfeiffer’s son?” for different celebrities and their actual parents. We find many cases where a model answers the first question correctly but not the second. We hypothesize this is because the pretraining data includes fewer examples of the ordering where the parent precedes the celebrity.
Our result raises a number of questions. Why do models suffer the Reversal Curse? Do non-auto-regressive models suffer from it as well? Do humans suffer from some form of the Reversal Curse? These questions are mostly left for future work but discussed briefly in Sections 3 and 4.
Links
Paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.12288
Code and datasets: https://github.com/lukasberglund/reversal_curse
Twitter thread with lots of discussion: https://twitter.com/OwainEvans_UK/status/1705285631520407821