In the previous post, I discussed ways that the internal structure of an algorithm might, given the right normative assumption, allow us to distinguish bias from reward.

Here I'll be pushing the modelling a bit further.

Self-modelling

Consider the same toy anchoring biased problem as the previous post, with the human algorithm $H$, some object $X$, a random integer $0\le n\le 99$, and an anchoring bias given by

for $V$ some valuation function that is independent of $n$.

On these inputs, the internal structure of $H$ is:

However, $H$ is capable of self-modelling, to allow it to make long term decisions. At time $t$, $H$ models itself at time $t+1$ as:

Note that $H$ is in error here: it doesn't take into account the influence of $n$ on its own behaviour.

In this situation, it could be justifiable to say that $H$'s self model is the correct model of its own values. And, in that case, the anchoring bias can safely be dismissed as a bias.

Self-model and preparation

Let's make the previous setup a bit more complicated, and consider that, sometimes, the agent $H$ is aware of the effect of $n$, and sometimes they aren't.

At time $t$, they also have an extra action choice: either $n$ , which will block its future self from seeing $n$, or $\varnothing$, which will proceed as normal. Suppose further that whenever $H$ is aware of the effect of $n$, they take action $n$:

And when $H$ isn't aware of the effect of $n$, they don't take any action/takes $\varnothing$:

Then it seems very justifiable to see $H$ as opposing the anchoring effect in themselves, and thus classifying it as a bias rather than a value/preference/reward.

The philosophical position

The examples in this post seem stronger than in the previous one, in terms of justifying "the anchoring bias is actually a bias".

More importantly, there is a philosophical justification, not just an ad hoc one. We are assuming that $H$ has a self model of their own values - they have a model of what is a value and what is a bias in their own behaviour.

Then we can define the reward of $H$, as the reward that $H$ models itself as having.

In subsequent posts, I'll explore whether this definition is justified, how to access these self-models, and what can be done about errors and contradictions in self-models.