Update: We've announced a $1,000 prize for early experimentation with Squiggle.

Introduction

Squiggle is a special-purpose programming language for probabilistic estimation^[1]. Think: "Guesstimate as a programming language." Squiggle is free and open-source.

Our team has been using Squiggle for QURI estimations for the last few months and found it very helpful. The Future Fund recently began experimenting with Squiggle for estimating the value of different grants.

Now we're ready for others publicly to begin experimenting with it. The core API should be fairly stable; we plan to add functionality but intend to limit breaking changes.^[2]

We'll do our best to summarize Squiggle for a diverse audience. If any of this seems intimidating, note that Squiggle can be used in ways not much more advanced than Guesstimate. If it looks too simple, feel free to skim or read the docs directly.

Work on Squiggle!

We're looking to hire people to work on Squiggle for the main tooling. We're also interested in volunteers or collaborators for the ecosystem (get in touch!). 

Links

Public Website, Github Repo, Previous LessWrong Sequence 

What Squiggle is and is not

What Squiggle Is

• A simple programming language for doing math with probability distributions.
• An embeddable language that can be used in Javascript applications. This means you can use Squiggle directly in other websites.
• A tool to encode functions as forecasts that can be embedded in other applications.

What Squiggle Is Not

• A complete replacement for enterprise Risk Analysis tools. (See Crystal Ball, @Risk, Lumina Analytica)
• A probabilistic programming language. Squiggle does not support Bayesian inference. (Confusingly, "Probabilistic Programming Language" really refers to this specific class of language and is distinct from "languages that allow for using probability.")
• A tool for substantial data analysis. (See programming languages like Python or Julia)
• A programming language for anything other than estimation.
• A visually-driven tool. (See Guesstimate and Causal)

Strengths

• Simple and readable syntax, especially for dealing with probabilistic math.
• Fast for relatively small models. Useful for rapid prototyping.
• Optimized for using some numeric and symbolic approaches, not just Monte Carlo.
• Embeddable in Javascript.
• Free and open-source (MIT license).

Weaknesses

• Limited scientific capabilities.
• Much slower than serious probabilistic programming languages on sizeable models.
• Can't do backward Bayesian inference.
• Essentially no support for libraries or modules (yet).
• Still very new, so a tiny ecosystem.
• Still very new, so there are likely math bugs.
• Generally not as easy to use as Guesstimate or Causal, especially for non-programmers.

Example: Piano Tuners

Note: Feel free to skim this section, it's just to give a quick sense of what the language is.

Say you're estimating the number of piano tuners in New York City. You can build a simple model of this, like so.

// Piano tuners in NYC over the next 5 years
populationOfNewYork2022 = 8.1M to 8.4M // This means that you're 90% confident the value is between 8.1 and 8.4 Million.

proportionOfPopulationWithPianos = (.002 to 0.01) // We assume there are almost no people with multiple pianos

pianoTunersPerPiano = {
    pianosPerPianoTuner = 2k to 50k // This is artificially narrow, to help graphics later
    1 / pianosPerPianoTuner
} // This {} syntax is a block. Only the last line of it, "1 / pianosPerPianoTuner", is returned.

totalTunersIn2022 = (populationOfNewYork2022 * proportionOfPopulationWithPianos * pianoTunersPerPiano)

totalTunersIn2022

Now let's take this a bit further. Let's imagine that you think that NYC will rapidly grow over time, and you'd like to estimate the number of piano tuners for every point in time for the next few years.

// ...previous code
//Time in years after 2022
populationAtTime(t) = {
    averageYearlyPercentageChange = -0.01 to 0.05 // We're expecting NYC to continuously and rapidly grow. We model this as having a constant growth of between -1% and +5% per year.
    populationOfNewYork2022 * ((averageYearlyPercentageChange + 1) ^ t)
}
median(v) = quantile(v, .5)
totalTunersAtTime(t) = (populationAtTime(t) * proportionOfPopulationWithPianos * pianoTunersPerPiano)
{
    populationAtTime: populationAtTime,
    totalTunersAtTimeMedian: {|t| median(totalTunersAtTime(t))}
}

Using settings in the playground, we can show this over a 40-year period. 

You can play with this directly at the playground here.
 

Some Playground details

1. If you hover over the populationAtTime variable, you can see the distribution at any point.
2. You can change “sample count” to change the simulation size. It starts at 1,000, which is good for experimentation, but you’ll likely want to increase this number for final results. The above graphs used sampleCount=1,000,000.

If you want to get ambitious, you can. Consider changes like:

• Instead of doing the estimate for New York City, parameterize it to work for any global city.
• Instead of just estimating the number of piano tuners, add a parameter to estimate most professions.
• Instead of time being "years from 2022", change it to be a Time value. Allow times from 0AD to 3000AD.
• Add inputs for future conditionals. For example, job numbers might look different in worlds with intense automation.

Using Squiggle

You can currently interact with Squiggle in a few ways:

Playground

The Squiggle Playground is a friendly tool for working with small models and making prototypes. You can make simple, shareable links.

Visual Studio Code Extension

There's a simple Virtual Studio Code extension for running and visualizing Squiggle code. We find that VS Code is a helpful editor for managing larger Squiggle setups.

(This example is a playful, rough experiment of an estimate of Ozzie's life output.)

Typescript Library

Squiggle is built using Rescript, and is accessible via a simple Typescript library. You can use this library to either run Squiggle code in full, or to call select specific functions within Squiggle (though this latter functionality is very minimal).

React Components Library

All of the components used in the playground and documentation are available in a separate component NPM repo. You can see the full Storybook of components here.

Observable

You can use Squiggle Components in Observable notebooks. Sam Nolan put together an exportable Observable Notebook of the main components. 

Public Squiggle Models

• GiveWell's GiveDirectly cost effectiveness analysis by Sam Nolan
• A Critical Review of Open Philanthropy’s Bet On Criminal Justice Reform by Nuño Sempere
• Samotsvety Nuclear Risk Forecasts — March 2022 by Samotsvety Forecasting
• Adjusting probabilities for the passage of time by Nuño Sempere
• List of QURI Squiggle Models by Nuño Sempere, Sam Nolan, and Ozzie Gooen (honorable mention to Joel Becker).

Early Access

We're calling this version "Early Access." It's more stable than some alphas, but we'd like it to be more robust before a public official beta. Squiggle is experimental, and we plan on trying out some exploratory use cases for effective altruist use cases for at least the next several months. You can think of it like some video games in "early access"; they often have lots of exciting functionality but deprioritize the polish that published games often have. Great for a smaller group of engaged users, bad for larger organizations that expect robust stability or accuracy.

Should effective altruists really fund and develop their own programming language?

It might seem absurd to create an "entire programming language" that's targeted at one community. However, after some experimentation and investigation, we concluded that it seems worth trying. Some points:

• Domain-specific languages are already fairly common for sizeable companies with specific needs. They can be easier to build than one would think.
• We don't need a large library ecosystem. Much of the difficulty for programming languages comes from their library support, but the needs for most Squiggle programs are straightforward.
• The effective altruist community looks pretty unusual in its interest in probabilistic estimation, so it's not surprising that few products are a good fit.
• The main alternative options are proprietary and expensive risk analysis tools. It seems critical to have our community's models be public and easy to audit. Transparency doesn't work well if models require costly software to run.
• Much of the necessary work is in making decent probability distribution tooling for Javascript. This work itself could have benefits for forecasting and estimation websites. The "programming language" aspects might only represent one half the work of the project.

Questions & Answers

What makes Squiggle better than Guesstimate?

Guesstimate is great for small models but can break down for larger or more demanding models. Squiggle scales much better.

Plain text formats also allow for many other advantages. For example, you can use Github workflows with versioning, pull requests, and custom team access. 

Should I trust Squiggle calculations for my nuclear power plant calculations?

No! Squiggle is still early and meant much more for approximation than precision. If the numbers are critical, we recommend checking them with other software. See this list of key known bugs and this list of gotchas.

Can other communities use Squiggle?

Absolutely! We imagine it could be a good fit for many business applications. However, our primary focus will be on philanthropic use cases for the foreseeable future. 

Is there an online Squiggle community?

There's some public discussion on Github. There's also a private EA/epistemics Slack with a few channels for Squiggle; message Ozzie to join. 

Future Work

Again, we're looking to hire a small team to advance Squiggle and its ecosystem. Some upcoming items:

• Improve the core of the language. Add error types, improve performance, etc.
• Import functionality to allow Squiggle models to call other datasets or other Squiggle models.
• Command line tooling for working with large Squiggle codebases.
• Public web applications to share and discuss Squiggle models and values.
• Integration with forecasting platforms so that people can forecast using Squiggle models. (Note: If you have a forecasting platform and are interested in integrating Squiggle, please reach out!)
• Integration with more tools. Google Docs, Google Sheets, Airtable, Roam Research, Obsidian, Python, etc. (Note: This is an excellent area for external help!)
• Make web components for visualization and analysis of probability distributions in different circumstances. Ideally, most of these could be used without Squiggle.

Contribute to Squiggle

If you'd like to contribute to Squiggle or the greater ecosystem, there's a lot of neat stuff to be done. 

• Build integrations with other tools (see "Future Work" section above).
• Improve the documentation. It's currently fairly basic.
• Give feedback on the key features and the tools. (Particularly useful if you have experience with programming language design.)
• Suggest new features and report bugs.
• Audit and/or improve the internal numeric libraries.
• Make neat models and post them to the EA Forum or other blogs.
• Experiment with Squiggle in diverse settings. Be creative. There must be many very clever ways to use it with other Javascript ecosystems in ways we haven't thought of yet.
• Build tools on top of Squiggle. For example, Squiggle could help power a node-based graphical editor or a calendar-based time estimation tool. Users might not need to know anything about Squiggle; it would just be used for internal math.
• Implement Metalog distributions in Javascript. We really could use someone to figure this one out.
• Make open-source React components around probability distributions. These could likely be integrated fairly easily with Squiggle.

If funding is particularly useful or necessary to any such endeavor, let us know.

Organization and Funding

Squiggle is one of the main projects of The Quantified Uncertainty Research Institute. QURI is a 501(c)(3) primarily funded by the LTFF, SFF, and Future Fund.

Contributors

Squiggle has very much been a collaborative effort. You can see an updating list of contributors here. 

Many thanks to Nuño Sempere, Quinn Dougherty, and Leopold Aschenbrenner for feedback on this post.

1. ^{^}

   Risk Analysis is a good term for Squiggle, but that term can be off-putting to those not used to it.

2. ^{^}

   Right now Squiggle is in version 0.3.0. When it hits major version numbers (1.0, 2.0), we might introduce breaking changes, but we’ll really try to limit things until then. It will likely be three to twenty months until we get to version 1.0.