'It is hard to favor unspecified changes in the rules. I don't think Google should be able to buy Waze, nor should Facebook buy Instagram.' Richard Thaler, Chicago Booth, Nobel laureate

'We need to increase scrutiny of acquisitions of related businesses, e.g. WhatsApp by Facebook' José Scheinkman, Columbia

Since 2010, in a winner-takes-all market, all Big Tech firms have quickly bought double-digits of competing AI startups. This creates 'kill zones' which makes investing in them unprofitable.^[1] Indeed, worldwide, VCs funded 500 new AI startups in 2013, then 1200 in 2018, but only 746 by 2021. Likewise, US VC funding peaked in 2018 with new 500 AI startups; by 2021, it was only 300.^[2] Start- and scaleups using AI are valued at $2.3T, down 26% in 2021.^[3] This is not in sync with the general macroeconomic trends.^[4]

Startups won't adapt to a new platform if bought so quickly, making it harder for them to win users.^[5] As a rule, conglomerate M&A involving ecosystems reduce profits on entry.^[6] Thus, while M&A has short-term benefits, long-term, it harms competition (also see major cases before the EC^[7]).

Meanwhile, Big Tech's large P/E ratios show that, despite relatively little revenue so far, markets expect huge profits. Regulators should assess the long-term effects of M&A and shift the burden of proof to firms to show that M&A won't harm the market.

Indeed, we have oligopol where smaller AI firms are forced to pair with Big Tech:

• Microsoft bought 49% of OpenAI for just $13B,^[8] despite ChatGPT being the fastest growing product ever^[9] (though profits are capped at $1.3T i.e. a 100x return). They also partner by using GPT in MS products and provide cloud services.
• Google owns DeepMind and bought 10% of Anthropic for $.3B, with which it has a partnership with Anthropic to train, scale and deploy its AI systems.
• Amazon has implemented Anthropic's language model in their cloud and might have bought 49% of it for $4B.^[10] Google and others might invest another $2B.^[11]
• Facebook plans to offer free commercial AI models to pressure Google and OpenAI.^[12] In turn, as competition intensifies, OpenAI readies open-source models.^[13]
• Anthropic raised $5.5B.^[14] (note that the Amazon investments might include billions in AWS compute credits)
• Inflection raised some of its $1.5B from Microsoft and Nvidia.

Given Big Tech's trillion dollar valuations, they bought up large parts of the top AI firms (e.g. DeepMind, OpenAI, and Anthropic), relatively cheaply. If the market would be more competitive, smaller AI firms like DeepMind and Anthropic could have used their superior AI to just buy the compute and data they needed, implement their software on existing open ecosystems and pull ahead of Big Tech. Now, neither Demis Hassabis nor Dario Amodei nor Sam Altman are billionaires.

Also, Big Tech has common ownership in several of these AI startups (e.g. Google owns both DeepMind and parts of Anthropic, Microsoft owns shares in OpenAI and inflection). In turn, Big Tech is owed in large part by institutional investors (e.g. 75% of Microsoft is owned by institutional investors).

Such common ownership can have anti-competitive effects and reduce innovation.^[15] Recently, institutional investors have pressured Big Tech to spend less on 'moonshot R&D'.^[16] But when large investors own technologically related firms it mitigates this problem as their firms act in their interest and can profit by innovating via R&D as a 'public good to their competitors' that might otherwise be unprofitable.^[17] When technology spillovers are relatively large, an increase from the 25th to the 75th percentile of common ownership is associated with an increase of +13% in citation-weighted patents.^[18] 

Table from ^[19]

While Facebook has a narrow, applied focus on AI for its platforms, Microsoft, Google and Amazon build a more generic AI corporate strategies connected to their clouds:^[20]

• Google's 'University' strategy emulates top universities, developing a cutting-edge AI CIS with a central place outside Asia. But, like universities, we don't know how Google will profit from AI R&D.
• Microsoft's 'Frenemies' strategy. MS has successfully integrated into its CIS rivals globally. In the AI frontier research network, it is the bridging organization between Asia, especially China, and the rest of the world. Microsoft controls not by buying but also by building a CIS with more organizations that are de jure independent but de facto controlled (and sometimes highly funded) by Microsoft (cf OpenAI)
• Amazon 'secrecy' strategy. Amazon has developed what looks like the most diverse AI strategy in terms of functional applications, privileging secrecy and highly connected to its businesses. Secrecy tries to create and apply frontier AI to benefit users concretely, which then turns into more profits and data.

Regulators have also stopped Nvidia from buying the chip manufacturer Arm on national security grounds since the chip industry is critical for international security: the chip export ban on China is 'the most aggressive US foreign policy of the last 20 years'^[21]. Regulators must work with other departments (e.g. defense) to investigate international security implications of Arm's future IPO (e.g. foreign ownership etc.).

1. ^{^}

    What Are Big Tech Kill Zones? 

2. ^{^}

    Regulation Priorities for AI Foundation Models

3. ^{^}

    State of AI Report 2022

4. ^{^}

    Global | Dealroom.co 

5. ^{^}

    Kill Zone 

6. ^{^}

    Assessing the Long Run Competitive Effects of Digital Ecosystem Mergers 

7. ^{^}

    Assessing the Long Run Competitive Effects of Digital Ecosystem Mergers

8. ^{^}

    Microsoft extends OpenAI partnership in a multibillion dollar investment 

9. ^{^}

    How popular is ChatGPT? Part 2: slower growth than Pokémon GO – AI Impacts 

10. ^{^}

     Anthropic \ Expanding access to safer AI with Amazon 

11. ^{^}

     Anthropic in Talks to Raise $2 Billion From Google and Others Just Days After Amazon Investment — The Information 

12. ^{^}

     Meta's Plan to Offer Free Commercial AI Models Puts Pressure on Google and OpenAI

13. ^{^}

     OpenAI Readies Open-Source Model as Competition Intensifies - Artisana 

14. ^{^}

     Anthropic's $5B, 4-year plan to take on OpenAI | TechCrunch 

15. ^{^}

     https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/mic.20190389 

16. ^{^}

      The era of Big Tech moonshots is over. Amazon, Google, Facebook, and Microsoft are pulling back on ambitious, risky long-term projects after many of them failed. 

17. ^{^}

     Rising markups, common ownership, and technological capacities - ScienceDirect 

18. ^{^}

     Innovation: The Bright Side of Common Ownership? 

19. ^{^}

     Same End By Different Means: Google, Amazon, Microsoft and Meta’s Strategies to Organize Their Frontier AI Innovation Systems 

20. ^{^}

     Same End By Different Means: Google, Amazon, Microsoft and Meta’s Strategies to Organize Their Frontier AI Innovation Systems 

21. ^{^}

     GPTs and the Rise and Fall of Great Powers