Strictly speaking, counterfactuals must be true. If false then X is the same logical statement as If not X then True- which is true regardless of X.
When we go into hypotheticals is where things get interesting: cases where we make a statement in the same form as a counterfactual statement without knowing the truth value: If the mail has not been delivered today, my mailbox is empty. (This statement may be true or false; for this discussion we will consider the chances of it being false to be small.) By observation, there is mail in my mailbox. Therefore, the mail has been delivered today.
There is mail in my mailbox, therefore if the mail had not been delivered today, the sun would be exploding- this statement is now true with the same small chance of error that we ascribed to the original hypothetical statement.
For a less strict and more reasonable discussion of counterfactuals, speak about them as a future prediction made before the event- "If the mail is not delivered today, the sun will explode" appears false, even if the mail will be delivered today. In a deterministic universe where the mail will be delivered today, it is true only on a technicality.
Strictly speaking, counterfactuals must be true. If false then X is the same logical statement as If not X then True- which is true regardless of X.
You're treating counterfactuals as material conditionals. But there are many good reasons to think that counterfactuals are not simply material conditionals. One of the first observations that motivates work on the semantics of counterfactuals is exactly that some counterfactual sentences appear to be false -- despite having known-false antecedents.
Today's post, Can Counterfactuals Be True? was originally published on 24 July 2008. A summary (taken from the LW wiki):
Discuss the post here (rather than in the comments to the original post).
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