How to be an amateur polyglot

[-]FinalFormal21y70

These are my favorite kinds of posts. Subject expert gives full explanation of optimal resources and methods they used to get where they are.

[-]Leisureguy1y30

Some studies have strongly indicated that learning Esperanto as the first foreign language greatly facilitates the learning of a subsequent language. For example, in Finland students were divided into two groups: one took three years of German, the other took one year of Esperanto followed by two years of German. At the end, students in the second group knew more German and were more fluent in German than those in the first group. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaedeutic_value_of_Esperanto

I don't know how much that would help in languages beyond the first post-Esperanto language, but a positive initial experience with language learning would seem to be useful.

[-]arisAlexis1y10

Very interesting. I suspect the effect would be much greater for Mediterranean languages because Esperanto itself is latin based.

[-]Jonathan Sheehy1y21

Hi there,

Fellow polyglot here, I've mostly studied Spanish, Russian, and Vietnamese.

Most people really struggle with language learning so I'm glad to see a post like this here. I'd like to add some notes I've learned in my own language-learning journey.

Textbooks — Textbooks are useful but people misuse them in really self-sabotage-y ways. I recommend spending less than 5% of your time doing textbook-related things. This is because they're very boring and kill motivation, and because they mostly build declarative/conceptual understanding rather than procedural knowledge.
Movies/cartoons/songs — My school classes weren't set up to teach listening comprehension, so I turned to kids' cartoons for practice. But they didn't actually help because I couldn't follow what anyone was saying. So then I started writing transcripts of everything they said. I would pause and go back over the sentences I didn't understand, to the point where it took me like 12 hours to watch a single 20-minute episode. Actually like 99% of my study-time consisted of transcribing cartoons and drilling flash cards. This worked unreasonably well for me, but I haven't seen anyone else do this. I think most other successful language learners mainly read books in their target language.
Vocabulary — The biggest bottleneck in language learning, by a wide margin. Sure, grammar is fun and interesting, But Vocab is absolutely key and drilling flash cards is ALWAYS a great idea. In my experience, 15 minutes of drilling corresponds to 1 learned word, where "learned" means that I'll remember that word 6 months later. When you're just starting out with a new language, and aren't familiar with its sounds and relative frequencies of morphemes, this rate can be a lot slower, though.
Sleep — My learning ability degrades a lot when I'm tired. Once I started keeping a consistent study routine this became really obvious really quickly. So I make sure to sleep enough when I'm doing mental work.
Listening to Music — Another thing I noticed with my study routine was that listening to music degraded my efficiency in studying. I still just continued listening to music anyway because it was more fun. I mean I honestly don't think I would have had the patience to study flashcards for like an hour every day without the music, so it helped in that sense, but just comparing the days where I studied with music, vs without, I finished my study routine 20-30% faster on silent days.
Grammar — Grammar is by far my favorite part of learning languages. Firstly, most people don't like grammar and they don't learn it perfectly. All of my Spanish teachers got the Subjunctive Mood wrong, even at the college level, so be careful about what people say about grammar. The very basics—subject, object, verb, adjective— You can trust that, but beyond that be skeptical! Secondly, you can get really far on raw intuition just by getting lots of exposure to the target language. So I'd recommend not worrying too much about grammar and just focusing on taking in the language. I mean, if you love grammar like me you should learn it, but don't worry if you're not like me!
Classes — I think learning in a classroom setting is extremely inefficient. The main advantage of classes is that you HAVE to go to them so they force you to learn, but getting a private tutor is much much better. If you're intrinsically motivated enough, the tutor isn't necessary, but they always help a lot. I think for a private tutor, at least 3 sessions per week is necessary. 1 session per week isn't enough.
Study Abroad — I did a 1-year study abroad and, well it's hard to evaluate, actually. I used Spanish a lot there, but I also retreated back to English-Speaking-Internet during my down time, and I stopped doing my normal Study regime, so I don't think I got all the value out of it that I could have. But using Spanish all day definitely helped me with holding conversations in Spanish, which is nice. I don't really consider myself fluent, but I do alright in small groups and can talk about most topics, so I'd say overall it was a success.
One of the problems that I haven't really solved is getting Spanish as an actual part of my daily life. When I used to study Spanish it was always scheduled time that I specifically dedicated to practicing Spanish. It was always effortful, like fighting against a current. But ESL people get a lot of automatic practice in English since it's the Lingua Franca of the internet, and all the most interesting parts of the internet are in English. I mean, how cool an experience is it, to grow up in like Portugal, learn English through the internet, and find all the cool places like LessWrong, and those hour-long speedrunner video essays, and the special-interest chatrooms in English? Isn't that such an awesome way to learn a foreign language? I don't know, I guess I'm just kind of jealous. This is just a rant though, not useful advice. Don't beat yourself up though if you're not as fluent in your target language as your ESL friend is in English.

I'm curious if your experience lines up with mine? I think fundamentally, the main reason I'm successful at language learning is just because I love it so much and can do it for long periods of time without exerting as much willpower, but I'd love to know if my advice is useful to others.

[-]arisAlexis1y20

I do agree and I admire you because you learned very different languages which is more difficult. I kept the germanic-latin tree of languages.

[-]Jonathan Sheehy1y10

[-]gjm1y22

A nitpick: you say

fun story, I passed the C2 exam and then I realized I didn’t remember the word faucet when I went to the UK to visit a friend

but here in the UK I don't think I have ever once heard a native speaker use the word "faucet" in preference to "tap". I guess the story is actually funnier if immediately after passing your C2 exam you (1) thought "faucet" was the usual UK term and (2) couldn't remember it anyway...

(I liked the post a lot and although I am no polyglot all the advice seems sound to me.)

[-]bideup1y10

I’m an adult from the UK and learnt the word faucet like last year

[-]arisAlexis1y10

Yes I didn't even know the difference :) I thought tap is only for pub beer ! Totally disconnected from the exams where you only dealt with essays

[-]Lucg1y10

I found the language pretty bad sounding (almost ridiculous hhh-hhh sounds)

Now I am curious: what sounds are these? As in, what is it actually spelled like, because no word sounds like six "h"es after each other in English

This description rather reminds me of Icelandic, where I noticed in a video playing in a museum (geothermal energy exhibition) that they have the same word for "hand" as Dutch, except there is a huff after the word, like "hand'hh". It sounded as silly to me as it probably does to English speakers when putting a stray quiet gasp for air after each instance of the word "hand".

I am not aware that Dutch has elongated "h" sounds like that, so maybe you mean something like the "g" in Den Haag (The Hague) or the "ch" in Utrecht, which I suppose can be h-like (but, to me, that's a single one and not elongated)?

[-]arisAlexis1y20

Exaggerated ofc, not sure how to write the pronunciation. Word s like graag (gladly) can be written in English like "hraah" for example. Or krachtig (strong) could be krahtih. Lots of repetition of these sounds.

[-]Lucg1y10

Aha! Interesting that you see the Dutch g sound as an English h; to me, the English h is... I can see some resemblance but, at the same time, it seems as different as the vowel in "seems" and "says". (Then again, perhaps someone from a language without an a-as-in-says sound would approximate that with e-as-in-seems.) I indeed won't say Dutch is a great language to the ears, it's neutral to me. It's the one I'm verbally best in due to nativeness, but I'd just as soon it gets replaced with something more widely spoken! Much more practical for everyone.

Thanks for writing this guide by the way, I expect these practical tips are going to help me with German :)

[-]arisAlexis1y10

isn't German very easy to learn for Dutch people? most I met became quite fluent very fast due to similarities

[-]Lucg1y10

Yeah I wish. I'm even from the region that has a lot of German influence in its dialect (as if Dutch itself wasn't Germanlike enough), but my innate comprehension is at the level where in high school I once looked through the list of words to study before a multiple-choice test, thought "yeah this looks doable, I'd know most of these and thus pass the test", and then went on to score worse than random on the actual test as the only student. (If only that teacher could see me living in Germany now; we'd have a good laugh.) And that's not even considering the language has fifty words for "the" as well as adjectives, which will take forever to become automated in my head.

Didn't have much trouble with French in school -- not that I remember any of it by now -- and evidently English is no problem either. It's just German. I'm listening to German podcasts, posting in German subreddits (using tools like DeepL Write or, before that existed, just DeepL translate it back into English and see if it comes out right), speaking to the neighbors in German, reading German books, recently started chatting with some coworkers in German: the whole shebang. It has been five years and my German is functional now, but only barely...

Ah, look on the bright side: I got the opportunity to work here in English so far and allow myself this time to get that foundation going. And at least I seem to have Zusammenschreibung down to about native level because it works exactly the same as in Dutch. (I think this is an objectively useful feature, which English kinda has it but takes them decades to decide "life saver" or "web site" are really just one word and it needn't use a space that also, ambiguously, separates things that are not part of the noun, so German has that going for it!)

Generalizing, though, I cannot imagine there exist many languages easier than German for a Dutch native (Afrikaans, maybe English because it's so simple and Germanic-ish, and perhaps something like Swedish? So that leaves German around rank ~5 out of about ten thousand languages?) so you're right in that regard, but it's still a considerable amount of effort. It's far beyond learning a dialect but, yeah, also short of learning something like Japanese. The inverse is easier because German has all the grammar rules Dutch has and then some, so they just need to use a subset of what they know.

[-]alonso1y10

Thanks for this great article! I'm a Native Spanish speaker (not from Spain though) and do try to communicate with foreigners in Spanish when they venture themselves to have a full Spanish conversation.

As I'm from Latin America, it might be intimidating given the amount of differences in meaning on the same exact word from country to country; sometimes even regionally speaking.

I'm learning Greek at the moment, first month has gone by real quick but I'm awestruck at how similar some words are and the way that Greek words have the definition of the object their referring to within their grammar. If you ever want to share some thoughts or ideas in Spanish, and in time, let me do the same with you in Greek, I'd be delighted!

[-]arisAlexis1y10

Sure thing you can contact me. In Greek we use several Spanish words in their original form and I was wondering was that because we had many shipping ties with Spain and was it the marineros that brought them? Word s like timón, barca, galleta etc.

I actually find my latín american Friends easier to understand, they do use some unknown words but speak muchuch slower especially vs the Andalusians

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How to be an amateur polyglot

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