This post examines the virtue of reverence (a.k.a. “holiness”, “piety”, “sanctity”). I wrote this not as an expert, but as someone who wants to learn. I hope it helps people who want to know more about this virtue and how to nurture it.

I am an atheist, and am addressing an audience in which, if I’m not mistaken, respect for the tenets of established religion is fairly low. But I want to explore reverence—in the spirit of Chesterton’s Fence—because it is common to many virtue systems across cultures and across time. Among the questions that interest me:

• Are there aspects of reverence that are valuable and that rationalists can preserve and nurture in their own ways in their own traditions?^[1]
• Is reverence perhaps so valuable that it is worth taking a “leap of faith” beyond the limits of rationality in order to practice it?

What is reverence?

“Watch the stars in their courses and imagine yourself running alongside them. Think constantly on the changes of the elements into each other, for such thoughts wash away the dust of earthly life.” ―Marcus Aurelius^[2]

Is reverence just a religiously-decorated version of a secular virtue?

My first temptation is to ask whether reverence/piety is just a religiously-decorated variety of awe, elevation, or wonder, and whether it can be replaced by such secular alternatives.

Contemplation of the vastness of everything we know about, of the tremendous unplumbed chasm of the unknown, of the vertigo-inducing forever of infinity, of the mystery of why there is anything at all or any subjectivity with which to try to confront it… any of these things can induce a shudder of humble awe in the most dyed-in-the-wool atheist. Is that sufficient as the basis for reverence/piety?

Is “God” a placeholder for one’s ultimate values?

Another way to think of reverence is as attention to ultimate values. You instrumentally value something if it helps you effect something else you value. But why do you value that thing? Maybe it too is instrumental, helping you to do or obtain something else. But if there are no ultimate values to terminate this chain, ones that you value for themselves, you’re just chasing your tail.

To have an ultimate value means to take sides in a universe of flux and change (though I hear the Taoists reminding me that you can always take the side of flux and change).

Piety might then be those practices that bring our ultimate values to the forefront so that we can contemplate them and double-check that our instrumental values align with them.

Ultimate values are difficult to arrive at rationally. If there is an irrefutable way to say of some value “and this is how I can prove it is ultimate” I don’t know what it is.

Maybe “God” in Its various forms was invented in part to be an ultimate value by-definition to serve this purpose. If you seek an ultimate value, you might want to choose the best and most important thing that there is, the most far-seeing perspective that can be had, the most influential thing that can be, and so forth. If you do not have any idea what (if anything) satisfies those criteria, “God” seems a reasonable name for the placeholder. God, in this view, is the shape of the outline that the best ultimate values would have, even if we do not know what occupies that outline. By revering God we can devote ourselves to the best approximation of the ultimate values we can discover, while we continue to strive to discern what those values are more clearly.

Nice try, but in practice reverence is a religious thing

I sense that I’ve gone out on a limb here. I’ve been bending over backwards to accommodate piety without having to acknowledge faith in an actual, real, honest-to-God God.

I don’t think a subjunctive God like the one I contemplated would satisfy most of the traditions that have given a place of importance to piety/reverence in their virtue systems. When I see people stress reverence and piety, typically they seem to have a pretty good idea of what occupies the space where God belongs, and it’s a particular deity or pantheon from human mythology, whose characteristics and concerns are specified in uncanny detail. Maybe the human mind abhors a vacuum; the idolatrous temptation to fill-in-the-blanks is just too great to resist.

Related virtues

Aside from awe, elevation, or wonder, which I mentioned earlier, other virtues closely related to piety/reverence include devotion and faith.

What good is it?

In one sense, reverence is just the name for whatever attitude it is appropriate for a person to have toward the ultimate (abstracted away from questions of what that attitude consists of and what or Whom that ultimate is). So asking what good is it is a sort of mistake. It would be like asking a computer programmer what good is debugging. The good of it is built in to the definition of it.

In certain religious frameworks, of course, piety is also rewarded (and impiety punished) in the afterlife. Those sorts of rewards and punishments are notoriously difficult to verify or test from within the mortal, mundane world, however.

Instrumental benefits of religiosity and piety

But there are also ways in which religiosity has been found to be instrumentally valuable (religiosity is not quite the same as piety, but is easier to measure). There are a variety of secular, scientifically-testable benefits claimed for religiosity, such as that it:

• correlates suggestively with virtues like altruism,^[3]  compassion,^[4]  forgiveness,^[5]  kindness,^[6]  gratitude,^[7]  and with prosocial values in general,^[8] and provides a framework in which people cooperate for community benefit^[9]
• is linked to optimism, hope, and happiness,^[10] and to physical and psychological well-being,^[11] and helps people cope with life’s curveballs^[12]
• shields children from engaging in various harmful behaviors^[13]
• improves the quality of marriages^[14]
• helps to make people more patient^[15]

(I pulled most of these references from Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification by Peterson & Seligman, and from Applied Positive Psychology by Lomas, Hefferon, & Ivtzan.)

It can be difficult to tease out which aspect of religiosity may cause which benefit. Is it the belief, the attitude of reverence, the strictures, the congregation of peers, the institutional structures?

One group of researchers tried this:^[16] They divided people into four quadrants based on their having high or low religiosity (institutional religious involvement), and high or low spirituality (earnest search for the sacred). The groups of people who had the highest spirituality had the highest well-being scores (on measures of “self-actualisation, meaning in life, and personal growth initiative”); the worst-off were those with high religiosity but low spirituality. This suggests that sincere piety, rather than some incidental social/institutional artifact of religion, leads to at least some of religion’s benefits.

Loving God as a way to get the benefits of love

Another way of looking at piety is as a variety of love. There are some advantages to loving, in the abstract, and there might be additional advantages to making God the object of your love. For example: God is eternal and unchanging, so you don’t have to worry about your loved one abandoning you or becoming unlovable. As Spinoza put it:

[T]he weaknesses and miseries of the soul derive their chief origin from excessive love towards objects which are liable to change and which we can never entirely possess.… [T]he knowledge of God, if it does not absolutely annihilate these passions… at least causes them to form a smaller part of the mind.… Further, it generates love towards the immutable and eternal… which we can really possess… and therefore it can be contaminated by none of the vices which are inherent in common love, but will become always stronger and stronger… and will occupy the greatest part of the mind… and have a wider influence over its action.^[17]

How to become more pious

Advice on how to become more reverent differs in its details from religion to religion, but frequently includes things like the following:

• Prayer or contemplation that brings God / the object of reverence / your ultimate values to mind and prompts you to orient yourself appropriately in relation to it.
• Recitation / reading / listening to other pious people or to traditional scripture / prayers / chants that have a track record of inducing reverence.
• Rituals, symbols, fasting, particular clothing or dietary choices, etc. that serve to periodically remind you of the ultimate value, whatever it is.
• Acts done in conformance with your highest values and with a consciousness that this is why you are doing them.
• Renunciation of instrumental values that do not serve the ultimate value, or of other ultimate values that on reflection aren’t worth the candle.

I’m aware of one study that attempted to induce piety via a series of exercises designed to psychologically implant “sanctification” on some object and thereafter use that object as a focus for sacred contemplation.^[18] It claims that this intervention increased measures of psychological and subjective well-being.

1. ^{^}

   A. de Botton Religion for Atheists: A Non-Believer’s Guide to the Uses of Religion (2012)

2. ^{^}

   Marcus Aurelius, Meditations Ⅶ.47

3. ^{^}

   R. Wuthnow, & V.A. Hodgkinson, Faith and philanthropy in America: Exploring the role of religion in America’s voluntary sector (1990)

   M.D. Regnerus, C. Smith, & D. Sikkink, “Who Gives to the Poor? The Influence of Religious Tradition and Political Location on the Personal Generosity of Americans toward the Poor” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion (1998), 37(3)

   H. Lovell Smith, Anthony Fabricatore, & Mark Peyrot, “Religiosity and Altruism Among African American Males: The Catholic Experience” Journal of Black Studies (1999)

4. ^{^}

   Robert Wuthnow, Acts of Compassion: Caring for Others and Helping Ourselves (2012)

   P. Steffen & K. Masters “Does compassion mediate the intrinsic religion-health relationship?” Annals of Behavioral Medicine (2005)

5. ^{^}

   M.S. Rye, K.I. Pargament, M.A. Ali, G.L. Beck, E.N. Dorff, C. Hallisey, V. Narayanan, & J.G. Williams, “Religious perspectives on forgiveness,” in Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice (2000)

   M.E. McCullough & J.E.L. Worthington “Religion and the forgiving personality” Journal of Personality (1999)

6. ^{^}

   Christopher G. Ellison, “Are Religious People Nice People? Evidence from the National Survey of Black Americans” Social Forces (December 1992)

7. ^{^}

   N. Krause “Religious involvement, gratitude and change in depressive symptoms over time” International Journal for the Psychology of Religion (2009)

8. ^{^}

   Jacqueline S. Mattis, Robert J. Jagers, Carrie A. Hatcher, G. Dawn Lawhon, Eleanor J. Murphy, & Yohance F. Murray, “Religiosity, volunteerism, and community involvement among African American men: An exploratory analysis” Journal of Community Psychology (19 June 2000)

9. ^{^}

   Kenneth I. Maton & Kenneth I. Pargament, “The Roles of Religion in Prevention and Promotion” Prevention in Human Services (1987)

   K.I. Maton, & E.A. Wells, “Religion as a Community Resource for Well-Being: Prevention, Healing, and Empowerment Pathways” Journal of Social Issues (1995)

   Andrew Billingsley, Mighty Like a River: The Black Church and Social Reform (1999)

   Andrew Billingsley, & Cleopatra Howard Caldwell, “The Church, the Family, and the School in the African American Community” The Journal of Negro Education (1991)

   C. Eric Lincoln & Lawrence H. Mamiya, The Black Church in the African American Experience (1990)

10. ^{^}

    Sheena Sethi & Martin E. P. Seligman, “Optimism and Fundamentalism” Psychological Science (1993)

    Sarah French & Stephen Joseph, “Religiosity and its association with happiness, purpose in life, and self-actualisation” Mental Health, Religion & Culture (1999)

    Jeffrey S. Levin & Robert Joseph Taylor, “Panel Analyses of Religious Involvement and Well-Being in African Americans: Contemporaneous vs. Longitudinal Effects” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion (1998)

    A. Moadel, et al. “Seeking meaning and hope: Self-reported spiritual and existential needs among an ethnically-diverse cancer patient population” Psycho-Oncology (1999)

11. ^{^}

    Neal Krause, “Religion, Aging, and Health: Current Status and Future Prospects” The Journals of Gerontology Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences (1997)

    Jeffrey S. Levin “Religious Research in Gerontology, 1980–1994: A Systematic Review” Journal of Religious Gerontology (1998)

12. ^{^}

    Paul J. Handal, Wandamarie Black-Lopez, & Stephanie Moergen, “Preliminary Investigation of the Relationship between Religion and Psychological Distress in Black Women” Psychological Reports (1989)

    Kenneth I. Pargament, The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, Practice (1997)

    David R. Williams, David B. Larson, Robert E. Buckler, Richard C. Heckmann, & Caroline M. Pyle, “Religion and psychological distress in a community sample” Social Science & Medicine (1991)

13. ^{^}

    Byron Johnson, David Larson, Spencer Li, & Sung Joon Jang, “Escaping from the Crime of Inner Cities: Church Attendance and Religious Salience among Disadvantaged Youth” Justice Quarterly (2000)

    Michael Donahue & Peter Benson, “Religion and the Well‐Being of Adolescents” Journal of Social Issues (2010)

    Kenneth I. Maton & Elizabeth A. Wells, “Religion as a Community Resource for Well‐Being: Prevention, Healing, and Empowerment Pathways” Journal of Social Issues (1995)

    H. C. Stevenson, “Managing anger: Protective, proactive, or adaptive racial socialization identity profiles and African-American manhood development” Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community (1997)

14. ^{^}

    G. H. Brody, Z. Stoneman, D. Flor, & C. McCrary, “Religion’s role in organizing family relationships: Family process in rural, two-parent African American families” Journal of Marriage and the Family (1994)

    A. Mahoney, K.I. Pargament, T. Jewell, A.B. Swank, E. Scott, E. Emery, & M. Rye, “Marriage and the spiritual realm: The role of proximal and distal religious constructs in marital functioning” Journal of Family Psychology (1999)

15. ^{^}

    E.C. Carter, M.E. McCullough, J. Kim-Spoon, C. Corrrales, & A. Blake “Religious people discount the future less” Evolution and Human Behavior (2012)

16. ^{^}

    I. Ivtzan, C.P. Chan, H.E. Gardner, & K. Prashar “Linking religion and spirituality with psychological well-being: Examining self-actualization, meaning in life, and personal growth initiative” Journal of Religion and Health (2011)

17. ^{^}

    Baruch Spinoza Ethics (1677) Part Ⅴ, proposition ⅩⅩ

18. ^{^}

    E.D. Goldstein “Sacred moments: Implications on well-being and stress” Journal of Clinical Psychology (2007)