Another factor to consider is how much outside air a ventilation system pulls in. This would help further dilute out the aerosols.
The modeling here is assuming a somewhat leaky residential house that gets 2 ACH of natural ventilation, and is modeling the effect of adding purifiers on top of that.
If you want to evaluate additional ventilation, either open windows or mechanical ventilation, you can use the model here with the HEPA line. Because HEPA is so close to 100% thorough in removing particles, it is essentially equivalent to outside air from a covid perspective.
Yes - it is quite leaky - the rule of thumb the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers for low rise residential is more like 0.3 ACH. This would make your filtration look a lot better.
0.3 is very low! I wonder why so much lower than recommendations for commercial spaces?
I've also seen higher numbers: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_changes_per_hour gives 2-4 ACH for bedrooms, the lowest on the list. They cite https://moaablogs.org/air-changes-per-hour-calculator-formula-recommendations/ which cites https://www.vent-axia.com/sites/default/files/Ventilation Design Guidelines 2.pdf which seems to be from a manufacturer who wants to sell ventilation equipment and is incentivized to give high numbers.
The ASHRAE recommendation is from https://www.ashrae.org/File Library/Technical Resources/Standards and Guidelines/Standards Addenda/62-2001/62-2001_Addendum-n.pdf for "Bedroom/living room" areas in "Hotels, Motels, Resorts, Dormitories" it gives an Area Outdoor Air Rate of 0.06 CFM/ft2. If the room has an 8-ft ceiling, that is then 0.008 CFM per CF, or 0.45 ACH (0.06 ÷ 8 x 60) They then want you to combine that with a minimum amount of airflow per person, which is not an ACH convertible number. Still, if we assume that a bedroom is 1,000 CF and is designed for two people then their 5 CFM/person is another 0.6 ACH (10 ÷ 1000 × 60). Total is 1.05 ACH.
For residential they have:
0.35 air changes per hour but not less than 15 cfm (7.5 L/s) per person
For calculating the air changes per hour, the volume of the living spaces shall include all areas within the conditioned space. The ventilation is normally sat-isfied by infiltration and natural ventilation. ... Occupant loading shall be based on the number of bedrooms as follows: first bedroom, two per-sons; each additional bedroom, one person. Where higher occupant loadings are known, they shall be used.
A 1,000 CF bedroom with two people would need 30 CFM, which is 1.8 ACH (30 ÷ 1000 × 60). I suspect the 0.35 comes from assuming much larger rooms?
Yes, 0.35 ACH is for the whole house. Most houses do not have active ventilation systems, so that's all you would get for the bedroom. But that is true that if you are worried about CO2, you should have higher ACH in bedrooms. But this recommendation is not just about CO2, but also things like formaldehyde. Also it is roughly the amount that houses get on average. I have seen studies showing that the cost of sick building syndrome is well worth having higher ventilation rates. So probably more houses should have active ventilation. But if you don't have active ventilation in a house, I think 0.35 ACH is a reasonable average. Apartment buildings will have active ventilation and higher occupant density, so the ACH will generally be higher, as you point out.
I think it probably depends when your house is built? I would expect older houses to generally be a lot leakier? When I get home and have access to my laptop again, I think I can use the air quality measurements I took, which include CO2, to determine how leaky mine is as an example. I think the way to do this is look at how quickly CO2 levels fall off in an empty room?
Looks like the room I'm testing in is only 0.45 ACH / 9 CFM: https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/eMDuTAA9uA7vFKeEA/ceiling-air-purifier?commentId=G6Addw3f7TpLwHCsD
While this is an old house, this particular room is essentially new construction: it was gutted in 2017 and redone with foam insulation and new windows, so it's not surprising that it isn't very leaky.
Thanks for this, Jeff! I'm planning to have two MERV-14 cubes going at an upcoming contra-dance. I'll refer curious people to this post.
I couldn't find 20x20x1 filters at my local hardware store; only 20x14x1 and 20x30x1. I don't have a good intuition for how effectiveness relates to filter size. How much less effective do you think a 14-inch tall "cube" would be than a proper cube?
Roughly I'd guess it's proportional to filter area. So 14" instead of 20" would be roughly 30% worse?
If you look around for advice on what kind of air purifier to use to reduce covid risk, you'll see some people saying you need HEPA filters:
Microcovid:
The EPA, however, advocates anything that removes 0.1-1 µm particles well, and recommends MERV-13 or better if you're building something:
Where does the recommendation to use MERV-13 come from? Can I use MERV-12? If I use MERV-14 instead how much better will it be? Let's model it.
Imagine you have an infected person who enters a room. They exhale sars-cov-2 particles, which slowly accumulate:
These particles are a range of sizes, but let's approximate that 20% of the airborne sars-cov-2 is in particles of size 0.3-1µm, 29% in 1-3µm, and 51% in 3-10µm (see How Big Are Covid Particles?):
The particles don't actually accumulate forever, for several reasons, one of which is that they typically slowly settle out of the air. This depends on size, with half lives of ~4d for 0.3µm, ~2hr for 2µm, and ~20min for 5µm:
Another reason particles don't accumulate forever is the same reason that even with the windows closed we don't suffocate: buildings aren't airtight. You describe how much ventilation a building has in "air changes per hour" (ACH), and a typical value for residential construction is 2 ACH. For example, if your room is 1,000 cubic feet (CF) then you might have 2,000 cubic feet of air exchanged with the outside per hour, or 33 cubic feet per minute (CFM):
Now let's imagine we turn on a purifier that runs 5 ACH (83 CFM in a 1,000 CF room) through a MERV-14 filter. This is rated to remove at least 75% of 0.3-1µm particles, 90% of 1-3µm, and 95% of 3-10µm:
The total amount of sars-cov-2 in the air is the sum of these three curves:
What happens when we run different filters with different efficacies?
We can also look at each of these filters relative to a situation with no filtration:
Let's extend the scale a little so we can see how long it takes to stabilize:
In equilibrium, we see the following amounts of sars-cov-2 relative to no filtration:
This is a little surprising: Microcovid estimates that in this situation ("Indoors with a HEPA filter (flow rate 5x room size per hour)") risk is reduced to 25%. They cite Curtius et al. 2020 and summarize as:
This is not a great summary of the paper. The researchers did two different things:- Measured the effect of air purifiers on particle concentration.
- Made a simple model of the effect of purifiers to estimate the
decrease in risk.
The 90% comes from #2, and they say "After 2 hours, the concentration of aerosol particles containing virus RNA in the room is about 10 times higher 'without purifiers' compared to 'with purifiers'." They show this chart:Their model does not include any natural ventilation or decay, which means that their modeled "concentration of RNA particles without purifiers" will increase linearly forever. It's 10x higher than with purifiers after 2hr, but after 4hr they would say it was 20x higher.
A HEPA filter at 5 ACH reducing airborne sars-cov-2 to 33% in equilibrium is still pretty good, but how much airflow do we need to get levels down to the 25% of what they would be without a purifier?
We can get this from looking at how much reduction we have in equilibrium by ACH:
This shows we would need 7 ACH from a HEPA filter to get levels down to 25%, but it also shows that the effect of higher airflow can be larger than higher filtration. If we have a target of reducing equilibrium levels to 25% of what they would have been, how many ACH would we need with each filter type?
This lets us answer the question of when it's worth it to use a higher-quality filter when building a purifier. Let's say I'm building several filter cubes to purify the air in a large room, perhaps 9,000 CF and I want to reduce levels to 25%. I'll need 1,000 CFM of 100% filtered air, or more of less thoroughly filtered air. Each cube can move about 500 CFM through its filters, so I would need:
At today's prices (per 20x20x1 filter, shipped in a pack of 12) I see:
I don't see reasonable prices on MERV-11 (more expensive than the cheapest MERV-12) or MERV-15+ (far more expensive than MERV-14).
How do the costs compare if we hold filtration constant and assume we can use fractional cubes? Lets say a cube is a $25 box fan, $1 of tape, and four filters:
It looks like the standard advice to use MERV-13 is pretty good! On the other hand, using MERV-14 lets you get almost as much filtration for your dollar using fewer cubes, which means less space and noise. And, of course, you can't really have fractional cubes, so it may make sense to round up or down based on the size of the particular room you're purifying.
(Code is on github and charts are in this sheet.)
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