Politics/religion:

Business:

Literature:

"Dwarf Fortress: A Marxist Analysis" (discussion)
"The Gooseberry Fallacy" (Russian literature & thoughts on the good life) "...But for Me, It Was Tuesday" (TvTropes)

Medicine:

Statistics:

"Bayes' Rule and the Paradox of Pre-Registration of RCTs"
"Josef Urban on Machine Learning and Automated Reasoning"
"Using deep learning to listen for whales"
"Adversarial Bandits and the Exp3 Algorithm"
"A Few Useful Things to Know about Machine Learning", Domingos 2012 (nice guide to 'common sense' - data cleaning, modeling, overfitting, bias/variance, combining models, representation & learnability)
"The Median is Not the Message", Gould (on cancer survival and interpreting statistics)
"Adventures in the Assessment of Animal Speed and Morality"
"Posterior-Hacking"
"Visualization Series: Using Scatterplots and Models to Understand the Diamond Market"

Technology:

"A Future Of Pipes" (the future of cities and computing power: cooling is a big deal but not a defeater)
"Auto Correct: Has the self-driving car at last arrived?"
"Playing Atari with Deep Reinforcement Learning", Mnih et al 2013
Command-line folklore: the sort --key trick
"Mobile Computing Research Is a Hornet's Nest of Deception and Chicanery", Mickens (excerpts)
"The Slow Winter", Mickens (excerpts)
"The Night Watch", Mickens (excerpts)
"The Graph of Math"

Rationality:

Misc: