Plan S is pretty obviously the optimal outcome out of the choices presented, but the 2040 authors fall short of sketching what an ideal Plan S would look like. I would go as far as to say that something even further than Plan S would be ideal, but this is too far outside of the Overton Window, so probably not worth getting into on this forum.

It also is very clear that the authors speak to chatbots too much, based on the writing style used throughout. Example:

"We are sympathetic to Plan S and think that it might be better than Plan A. However, we recommend Plan A instead. Here’s our thinking:"

Note: This is not accusing them of using LLMs to generate this document. I am simply stating that they have chatbot-colonized patterns of speech.