Since I started quarantine in late February, I've been trying to learn the skill of modelling implicit skills and knowledge. Over that time, I've interviewed nearly 20 people and learned one specific implict theory or skill that they use. Many of those people in the rationality and post-rationality communities.
Kaj Sotala is one of my favorite writers on Lesswrong. He writes clearly, deliberately, and precisely. His writing is deliberate, interesting, and approachable.
After nearly 4 hours of interviewing him, this is my model of how he writes. Note that while it is inspired by Kaj, it is not necessarily fully endorsed by him. There is always a translation process from his brain to his mouth to my brain to refining to putting it to the page.
That being said, my ability to help correct misunderstandings and bridge perspectives in text has profited massively from internalizing the model here.
Beliefs and Motivation
Primary Motivator
Let's first talk about beliefs and motivations. What's his primary motivation to start this process? For him, it's a process of seeing people disagree, and feeling a visceral sense of frustration at people talking past each other.
For him, it's almost a proprioceptive sense of two different shapes. One person is saying circle, and the other is hearing square. It's really important to make these shapes match up!
Underlying Motivator
There are two underlying values here. The less salient one is wanting a sense of admiration from others. It's really nice to get praise for creating good explanations that unify two viewpoints.
The more salient value is a sense of Harmony and Beauty. If you can create a beautiful explanation, people can understand each other. The universe is just a bit more harmonious if you can take two perspectives and integrate them!
Necessary Conditions
In terms of what initially motivates him and lets him see the opportunity for this sense of Harmony and Beauty is when he sees people talking past each other, and feels like he sees where the disconnect is. Or he has a sense of what could be said instead.
Writing Strategy
So those are some of his underlying beliefs and motivations. But how does he actually craft these beautiful explanations? What is his strategy?
Tests
First, there's a few background processes he is running when he's writing. Tests to make sure that what he's writing will lead to that beauty and harmony, and resolve that frustration.
Looking at Criticisms
The first test he does is recalling specific criticisms from earlier and the conversation, and sort of imagining the general type of person that would have those criticisms. He's checking if what he's writing is actually answering those criticisms in a convincing way.
Imagining a Specific Person
Second, he's sometimes imagining a specific skeptical person reading what he has written, and seeing how he imagines they would react. He's asking:
1. Do they understand what I'm saying?
2. Are they convinced by what I'm saying?
Primary Strategy
Let's start with his Primary Strategy. In order to meet those tests, first build a model of what both people want. Begin generating some explanations, and see if they're satisfying that model.
As you begin to generate ideas and explanations, make some bullet points that capture these ideas and explanations. Keep doing this and jotting down notes until you feel you have enough to be convincing!
Then begin to use this strategy recursively to flesh out each of the bullet points. At this point you can also begin to edit what you've written, and bring in related ideas. You can also begin to look up specific details that would help.
Secondary Strategy
So that's the primary strategy. But what does Kaj do when using this strategy still doesn't sufficiently meet his criteria to create harmony and beauty, resolve frustration, and satisfy the skeptical person in his head? That's where the secondary strategy comes in!
First, check if there's a lack of consistent frame or narrative that would tie the bullet points together. It's important not only two have harmony and beauty between the two perspectives, but between the individual bullet points as well!
The way to do this is to begin to brainstorm a bunch of different narratives or frames, and loop back to your tests and your sense of harmony and beauty to see which one would be best. You can also look at other explanations of similar things and see what frames worked.
Another related failure mode that can happen here is that you're wishywashy between two different narratives or frames, because both feel natural to use.
In this instance, you need to accept that you can only take one path. Kaj likes to remind himself of the phrase "Kill your darlings" to help himself with this.
Tertiary Strategy
So what if he's tried his primary strategy, and he's tried his secondary strategy, but no matter what he tries he can't make any headway. That's where his tertiary strategy comes in!
If you keep trying to add bullet points and creating a narrative, but it's still not working, It's often because you're trying to explain too much or to too general of an audience.
The strategy here is just to explain a smaller subset of what you were trying to do. You can also give the piece to someone in your target audience, and get very specific feedback of what's not working.
Alternatively, sometimes you're just trying to explain something that you don't have a full grasp of yet. In this case, ask yourself if you anticipate reading to be useful. If so, go back and read some more material to get a firmer grasp and jog your creativity.
Sustaining Emotions
So in general, those are his cognitive strategies for writing. What is the sustaining emotion that his carrying him through this process? There are actually two different modes Kaj can operate in here.
Urgent Excitement
One is a sense Urgent Excitement. It feels like he has a million ideas in his head, and there's this sense of urgency to capture them, which leads to this sense of exciting momentum as they begin to take shape.
Quiet Satisfaction
The other is more of a sense of quiet satisfaction. It's almost like building a physical thing, like a house or a bench. There's a sense of building something slowly and deliberately, and watching it become more real.
Behaviors
So that's how he's feeling, what is he actually DOING on the outside? What are the behaviors that can help here?
First, Kaj will often go on walks to think, he needs something that he can put his attention on so he's not obsessively thinking about writing.
Second, listening to music can be really helpful. Find something that has the vibe you want in your writing.
Third, he likes to have one browser window that ONLY has the google doc he's writing in, and a separate browser window with all of his tabs for research. This allows him to get less distracted when he's writing!
Supporting Factors
Are there any other factors that help Kaj do what he does? Yes, here are are a few that seem the most helpful.
First, Kaj has a giant google doc for capturing everything that may be relevant. Whenever he stumbles upon something that might be useful, he tries to add it to this document.
Second, he often tries to create an uninterrupted space and time to write. This really makes the process go smoother.
Third, the use of bullet points is his secret weapon. Sometimes writing narrative paragraphs feels hard. So by using bullet points, he can pretend he's not doing that! Sometimes he'll write the whole piece in bullet points, then simply remove them and he has paragraphs!
Internalizing This Strategy
So that's Kaj's writing strategy. Are you a writer who wants to incorporate this into your own process? Here's the process I recommend.
Reimagine the Past
First, think of a time in the past when you could have used this strategy. Go down each point one by one, and slowly and cumulatively "edit your memory" to add each point to your memory. Notice how it would have been to use this writing strategy!
How it would have been to have these factors. How would it have been to be motivated in this way? What would it have felt like and how would you have acted differently. How would your writing have come out differently?
Imagine the Future
Then, think of a time in the near future when you'd like to write, and what you'd like to write about. Slowly and cumulatively add each element of this strategy, and imagine exactly what you'll do as you write using this strategy and these emotions. How will it feel. How will you begin? imagine in vivid detail, as if you're already there.
Practice in the Present
Finally, use the strategy in the present. Set aside some time to write, and slowly and cumulatively add each piece of the strategy until you've written something amazing.
More importantly, I'm always looking for people to interview. If you have something you do, but you don't know exactly how you do it, go here to sign up for an interview! I'd love to chat with you.
Just took a look at his top posts, this one was pretty great: https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/mELQFMi9egPn5EAjK/my-attempt-to-explain-looking-insight-meditation-and
Since I started quarantine in late February, I've been trying to learn the skill of modelling implicit skills and knowledge. Over that time, I've interviewed nearly 20 people and learned one specific implict theory or skill that they use. Many of those people in the rationality and post-rationality communities.
Kaj Sotala is one of my favorite writers on Lesswrong. He writes clearly, deliberately, and precisely. His writing is deliberate, interesting, and approachable.
After nearly 4 hours of interviewing him, this is my model of how he writes. Note that while it is inspired by Kaj, it is not necessarily fully endorsed by him. There is always a translation process from his brain to his mouth to my brain to refining to putting it to the page.
That being said, my ability to help correct misunderstandings and bridge perspectives in text has profited massively from internalizing the model here.
Beliefs and Motivation
Primary Motivator
Let's first talk about beliefs and motivations. What's his primary motivation to start this process? For him, it's a process of seeing people disagree, and feeling a visceral sense of frustration at people talking past each other.
For him, it's almost a proprioceptive sense of two different shapes. One person is saying circle, and the other is hearing square. It's really important to make these shapes match up!
Underlying Motivator
There are two underlying values here. The less salient one is wanting a sense of admiration from others. It's really nice to get praise for creating good explanations that unify two viewpoints.
The more salient value is a sense of Harmony and Beauty. If you can create a beautiful explanation, people can understand each other. The universe is just a bit more harmonious if you can take two perspectives and integrate them!
Necessary Conditions
In terms of what initially motivates him and lets him see the opportunity for this sense of Harmony and Beauty is when he sees people talking past each other, and feels like he sees where the disconnect is. Or he has a sense of what could be said instead.
Writing Strategy
So those are some of his underlying beliefs and motivations. But how does he actually craft these beautiful explanations? What is his strategy?
Tests
First, there's a few background processes he is running when he's writing. Tests to make sure that what he's writing will lead to that beauty and harmony, and resolve that frustration.
Looking at Criticisms
The first test he does is recalling specific criticisms from earlier and the conversation, and sort of imagining the general type of person that would have those criticisms. He's checking if what he's writing is actually answering those criticisms in a convincing way.
Imagining a Specific Person
Second, he's sometimes imagining a specific skeptical person reading what he has written, and seeing how he imagines they would react. He's asking:
1. Do they understand what I'm saying?
2. Are they convinced by what I'm saying?
Primary Strategy
Let's start with his Primary Strategy. In order to meet those tests, first build a model of what both people want. Begin generating some explanations, and see if they're satisfying that model.
As you begin to generate ideas and explanations, make some bullet points that capture these ideas and explanations. Keep doing this and jotting down notes until you feel you have enough to be convincing!
Then begin to use this strategy recursively to flesh out each of the bullet points. At this point you can also begin to edit what you've written, and bring in related ideas. You can also begin to look up specific details that would help.
Secondary Strategy
So that's the primary strategy. But what does Kaj do when using this strategy still doesn't sufficiently meet his criteria to create harmony and beauty, resolve frustration, and satisfy the skeptical person in his head? That's where the secondary strategy comes in!
First, check if there's a lack of consistent frame or narrative that would tie the bullet points together. It's important not only two have harmony and beauty between the two perspectives, but between the individual bullet points as well!
The way to do this is to begin to brainstorm a bunch of different narratives or frames, and loop back to your tests and your sense of harmony and beauty to see which one would be best. You can also look at other explanations of similar things and see what frames worked.
Another related failure mode that can happen here is that you're wishywashy between two different narratives or frames, because both feel natural to use.
In this instance, you need to accept that you can only take one path. Kaj likes to remind himself of the phrase "Kill your darlings" to help himself with this.
Tertiary Strategy
So what if he's tried his primary strategy, and he's tried his secondary strategy, but no matter what he tries he can't make any headway. That's where his tertiary strategy comes in!
If you keep trying to add bullet points and creating a narrative, but it's still not working, It's often because you're trying to explain too much or to too general of an audience.
The strategy here is just to explain a smaller subset of what you were trying to do. You can also give the piece to someone in your target audience, and get very specific feedback of what's not working.
Alternatively, sometimes you're just trying to explain something that you don't have a full grasp of yet. In this case, ask yourself if you anticipate reading to be useful. If so, go back and read some more material to get a firmer grasp and jog your creativity.
Sustaining Emotions
So in general, those are his cognitive strategies for writing. What is the sustaining emotion that his carrying him through this process? There are actually two different modes Kaj can operate in here.
Urgent Excitement
One is a sense Urgent Excitement. It feels like he has a million ideas in his head, and there's this sense of urgency to capture them, which leads to this sense of exciting momentum as they begin to take shape.
Quiet Satisfaction
The other is more of a sense of quiet satisfaction. It's almost like building a physical thing, like a house or a bench. There's a sense of building something slowly and deliberately, and watching it become more real.
Behaviors
So that's how he's feeling, what is he actually DOING on the outside? What are the behaviors that can help here?
First, Kaj will often go on walks to think, he needs something that he can put his attention on so he's not obsessively thinking about writing.
Second, listening to music can be really helpful. Find something that has the vibe you want in your writing.
Third, he likes to have one browser window that ONLY has the google doc he's writing in, and a separate browser window with all of his tabs for research. This allows him to get less distracted when he's writing!
Supporting Factors
Are there any other factors that help Kaj do what he does? Yes, here are are a few that seem the most helpful.
First, Kaj has a giant google doc for capturing everything that may be relevant. Whenever he stumbles upon something that might be useful, he tries to add it to this document.
Second, he often tries to create an uninterrupted space and time to write. This really makes the process go smoother.
Third, the use of bullet points is his secret weapon. Sometimes writing narrative paragraphs feels hard. So by using bullet points, he can pretend he's not doing that! Sometimes he'll write the whole piece in bullet points, then simply remove them and he has paragraphs!
Internalizing This Strategy
So that's Kaj's writing strategy. Are you a writer who wants to incorporate this into your own process? Here's the process I recommend.
Reimagine the Past
First, think of a time in the past when you could have used this strategy. Go down each point one by one, and slowly and cumulatively "edit your memory" to add each point to your memory. Notice how it would have been to use this writing strategy!
How it would have been to have these factors. How would it have been to be motivated in this way? What would it have felt like and how would you have acted differently. How would your writing have come out differently?
Imagine the Future
Then, think of a time in the near future when you'd like to write, and what you'd like to write about. Slowly and cumulatively add each element of this strategy, and imagine exactly what you'll do as you write using this strategy and these emotions. How will it feel. How will you begin? imagine in vivid detail, as if you're already there.
Practice in the Present
Finally, use the strategy in the present. Set aside some time to write, and slowly and cumulatively add each piece of the strategy until you've written something amazing.
A Call for More People to Interview
If you're interested in listening to all these interviews and internalizing the model, sign up for my interest list here.
More importantly, I'm always looking for people to interview. If you have something you do, but you don't know exactly how you do it, go here to sign up for an interview! I'd love to chat with you.