Tl;dr: Legalize prediction markets, make civilization adequate.

1. Spend a lot of money on ad campaigns and lobbying, and get {New Hampshire/Nevada/Wyoming/Florida} to nullify whatever federal anti-gambling laws exist, and carve out a safe haven for a serious prediction market (which does not currently exist).

2. You could alternatively just fund the development of a serious prediction market on the Ethereum blockchain, but I'm not as sure about this path, as the gains one could get might be considered "illegal" in some jurisdictions. Also, a fully legalized prediction market could rely on courts to arbitrate market resolution criteria.

3. In order for a prediction market to be "serious", it has to allow epistemically rational people to get very very rich (in fiat currency) without going to jail, and it has to allow anyone to create and arbitrate a binary prediction market for a small fee. Such a platform does not currently exist.

4. If you offer a large monetary incentive for people to be epistemically rational, they will become more epistemically rational.

5. Regular people will be able to Google questions like "what are the odds that Donald Trump will bring gas prices below $3/gallon in his first year if he's elected" and "what are the odds that Proposition 23, if passed, will reduce unemployment in the next six months". Normal people will actually be able to get real answers to these questions.

6. Political incentives shift. Legislation is now more likely to pass if it achieves its stated goals, so effective legislation now actually gets written. Presidential candidates that the markets say will improve {GDP/unemployment/poverty/violent crime} have an advantage over their opponents. Prediction markets let people call politicians on their bullshit, so they can't afford to bullshit as much anymore.

7. A prediction market hosted in the USA can also predict foreign elections. Decision markets on China's economic growth over Xi Jinping's successor emerge, and the Central Committee pays attention to them. American decision markets are a global public good, providing priceless intelligence to government officials of all nations. The honest conditional forecasts provided by prediction markets make world governments more effective and less Mazelike.

8. Institutions become adequate. American healthcare costs 10x less and works much more smoothly. Land value taxes are phased in, income taxes are phased out, a voucher system replaces public schools, government research grants actually fund innovation, the economy booms, the median salary grows, millions are lifted out of poverty, et cetera. It is very hard for me to forecast what an actually effective government would look like (because it's hard to predict something smarter than me), but I'm sure it would be good. Not exactly Dath Ilan, but in the right basin of attraction.

Mu.

The unpopular answer is that Dath Ilan is a fantasy setting. It treats economics as central, when economics is really downstream of power. Your first question implies you understand that whatever "econoliteracy" is, it isn't a stable equilibrium. Your second question notices that governments are powerful enough to stop these experiments which are a threat to their power.

My background assumption is that any attempt at building prediction markets would either:

a) ...have little effect because it becomes another mechanism for actual power to manipulate procedural outcomes, most likely through selective subsidies, manipulation of the monetary supply, or education or social pressure resulting in all right minded people voting the way power centers want (ie, how things work today).

b) ...be used as a coordination points for a Point Deer Call Horse style coup (see also: how publicly betting in cockfights can be more about signaling alliances, not predictions).

c) ...devolves into Jim Bell's Assassination Markets because there actually isn't a way for power elites to prevent some markets from being made (and we should expect any general way to prevent some markets being made to go back to (a)).

Honestly, I think the easiest way to do what you’re asking is to solve alignment, build an aligned AGI, and ask for it to help you.

Partially, I think this because I think alignment is actually a lot more tractable than most people assume. The other reason is that “build real Dath Ilan, but real and stable” seems like a strictly harder version of the alignment problem.

To build a stable version of Dath Ilan, I think you (roughly) need to establish a environment of microeconomic incentive gradients that robustly select for agents that are cooperative, powerful, friendly and rational. I think this is a similar problem to establishing literal gradients that select for the same in the circuits of an ML system.

However, doing so in a real economy is much harder because you have less control over a real economy and because other people can interfere with your efforts.

I think you'd need to start with different humans.  Or a filter to remove a whole lot (billions) of the least-capable-of-cooperation existing humans.  It's not JUST economic illiteracy, it's actual misalignment and short-term limited-moral-circle goals.  

I don't know if this necessary condition (better people) is sufficient.  It may still be impossible without significant baseline changes in the individuality and very deep-seated psychological drives in most people.