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The Best of LessWrong
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The Best of LessWrong

When posts turn more than a year old, the LessWrong community reviews and votes on how well they have stood the test of time. These are the posts that have ranked the highest for all years since 2018 (when our annual tradition of choosing the least wrong of LessWrong began).

For the years 2018, 2019 and 2020 we also published physical books with the results of our annual vote, which you can buy and learn more about here.
+

Rationality

Eliezer Yudkowsky
Local Validity as a Key to Sanity and Civilization
Buck
"Other people are wrong" vs "I am right"
Mark Xu
Strong Evidence is Common
TsviBT
Please don't throw your mind away
Raemon
Noticing Frame Differences
johnswentworth
You Are Not Measuring What You Think You Are Measuring
johnswentworth
Gears-Level Models are Capital Investments
Hazard
How to Ignore Your Emotions (while also thinking you're awesome at emotions)
Scott Garrabrant
Yes Requires the Possibility of No
Ben Pace
A Sketch of Good Communication
Eliezer Yudkowsky
Meta-Honesty: Firming Up Honesty Around Its Edge-Cases
Duncan Sabien (Inactive)
Lies, Damn Lies, and Fabricated Options
Scott Alexander
Trapped Priors As A Basic Problem Of Rationality
Duncan Sabien (Inactive)
Split and Commit
Duncan Sabien (Inactive)
CFAR Participant Handbook now available to all
johnswentworth
What Are You Tracking In Your Head?
Mark Xu
The First Sample Gives the Most Information
Duncan Sabien (Inactive)
Shoulder Advisors 101
Scott Alexander
Varieties Of Argumentative Experience
Eliezer Yudkowsky
Toolbox-thinking and Law-thinking
alkjash
Babble
Zack_M_Davis
Feature Selection
abramdemski
Mistakes with Conservation of Expected Evidence
Kaj_Sotala
The Felt Sense: What, Why and How
Duncan Sabien (Inactive)
Cup-Stacking Skills (or, Reflexive Involuntary Mental Motions)
Ben Pace
The Costly Coordination Mechanism of Common Knowledge
Jacob Falkovich
Seeing the Smoke
Duncan Sabien (Inactive)
Basics of Rationalist Discourse
alkjash
Prune
johnswentworth
Gears vs Behavior
Elizabeth
Epistemic Legibility
Daniel Kokotajlo
Taboo "Outside View"
Duncan Sabien (Inactive)
Sazen
AnnaSalamon
Reality-Revealing and Reality-Masking Puzzles
Eliezer Yudkowsky
ProjectLawful.com: Eliezer's latest story, past 1M words
Eliezer Yudkowsky
Self-Integrity and the Drowning Child
Jacob Falkovich
The Treacherous Path to Rationality
Scott Garrabrant
Tyranny of the Epistemic Majority
alkjash
More Babble
abramdemski
Most Prisoner's Dilemmas are Stag Hunts; Most Stag Hunts are Schelling Problems
Raemon
Being a Robust Agent
Zack_M_Davis
Heads I Win, Tails?—Never Heard of Her; Or, Selective Reporting and the Tragedy of the Green Rationalists
Benquo
Reason isn't magic
habryka
Integrity and accountability are core parts of rationality
Raemon
The Schelling Choice is "Rabbit", not "Stag"
Diffractor
Threat-Resistant Bargaining Megapost: Introducing the ROSE Value
Raemon
Propagating Facts into Aesthetics
johnswentworth
Simulacrum 3 As Stag-Hunt Strategy
LoganStrohl
Catching the Spark
Jacob Falkovich
Is Rationalist Self-Improvement Real?
Benquo
Excerpts from a larger discussion about simulacra
Zvi
Simulacra Levels and their Interactions
abramdemski
Radical Probabilism
sarahconstantin
Naming the Nameless
AnnaSalamon
Comment reply: my low-quality thoughts on why CFAR didn't get farther with a "real/efficacious art of rationality"
Eric Raymond
Rationalism before the Sequences
Owain_Evans
The Rationalists of the 1950s (and before) also called themselves “Rationalists”
Raemon
Feedbackloop-first Rationality
LoganStrohl
Fucking Goddamn Basics of Rationalist Discourse
Raemon
Tuning your Cognitive Strategies
johnswentworth
Lessons On How To Get Things Right On The First Try
+

Optimization

So8res
Focus on the places where you feel shocked everyone's dropping the ball
Jameson Quinn
A voting theory primer for rationalists
sarahconstantin
The Pavlov Strategy
Zvi
Prediction Markets: When Do They Work?
johnswentworth
Being the (Pareto) Best in the World
alkjash
Is Success the Enemy of Freedom? (Full)
johnswentworth
Coordination as a Scarce Resource
AnnaSalamon
What should you change in response to an "emergency"? And AI risk
jasoncrawford
How factories were made safe
HoldenKarnofsky
All Possible Views About Humanity's Future Are Wild
jasoncrawford
Why has nuclear power been a flop?
Zvi
Simple Rules of Law
Scott Alexander
The Tails Coming Apart As Metaphor For Life
Zvi
Asymmetric Justice
Jeffrey Ladish
Nuclear war is unlikely to cause human extinction
Elizabeth
Power Buys You Distance From The Crime
Eliezer Yudkowsky
Is Clickbait Destroying Our General Intelligence?
Spiracular
Bioinfohazards
Zvi
Moloch Hasn’t Won
Zvi
Motive Ambiguity
Benquo
Can crimes be discussed literally?
johnswentworth
When Money Is Abundant, Knowledge Is The Real Wealth
GeneSmith
Significantly Enhancing Adult Intelligence With Gene Editing May Be Possible
HoldenKarnofsky
This Can't Go On
Said Achmiz
The Real Rules Have No Exceptions
Lars Doucet
Lars Doucet's Georgism series on Astral Codex Ten
johnswentworth
Working With Monsters
jasoncrawford
Why haven't we celebrated any major achievements lately?
abramdemski
The Credit Assignment Problem
Martin Sustrik
Inadequate Equilibria vs. Governance of the Commons
Scott Alexander
Studies On Slack
KatjaGrace
Discontinuous progress in history: an update
Scott Alexander
Rule Thinkers In, Not Out
Raemon
The Amish, and Strategic Norms around Technology
Zvi
Blackmail
HoldenKarnofsky
Nonprofit Boards are Weird
Wei Dai
Beyond Astronomical Waste
johnswentworth
Making Vaccine
jefftk
Make more land
jenn
Things I Learned by Spending Five Thousand Hours In Non-EA Charities
Richard_Ngo
The ants and the grasshopper
So8res
Enemies vs Malefactors
Elizabeth
Change my mind: Veganism entails trade-offs, and health is one of the axes
+

World

Kaj_Sotala
Book summary: Unlocking the Emotional Brain
Ben
The Redaction Machine
Samo Burja
On the Loss and Preservation of Knowledge
Alex_Altair
Introduction to abstract entropy
Martin Sustrik
Swiss Political System: More than You ever Wanted to Know (I.)
johnswentworth
Interfaces as a Scarce Resource
eukaryote
There’s no such thing as a tree (phylogenetically)
Scott Alexander
Is Science Slowing Down?
Martin Sustrik
Anti-social Punishment
johnswentworth
Transportation as a Constraint
Martin Sustrik
Research: Rescuers during the Holocaust
GeneSmith
Toni Kurz and the Insanity of Climbing Mountains
johnswentworth
Book Review: Design Principles of Biological Circuits
Elizabeth
Literature Review: Distributed Teams
Valentine
The Intelligent Social Web
eukaryote
Spaghetti Towers
Eli Tyre
Historical mathematicians exhibit a birth order effect too
johnswentworth
What Money Cannot Buy
Bird Concept
Unconscious Economics
Scott Alexander
Book Review: The Secret Of Our Success
johnswentworth
Specializing in Problems We Don't Understand
KatjaGrace
Why did everything take so long?
Ruby
[Answer] Why wasn't science invented in China?
Scott Alexander
Mental Mountains
L Rudolf L
A Disneyland Without Children
johnswentworth
Evolution of Modularity
johnswentworth
Science in a High-Dimensional World
Kaj_Sotala
My attempt to explain Looking, insight meditation, and enlightenment in non-mysterious terms
Kaj_Sotala
Building up to an Internal Family Systems model
Steven Byrnes
My computational framework for the brain
Natália
Counter-theses on Sleep
abramdemski
What makes people intellectually active?
Bucky
Birth order effect found in Nobel Laureates in Physics
zhukeepa
How uniform is the neocortex?
JackH
Anti-Aging: State of the Art
Vaniver
Steelmanning Divination
KatjaGrace
Elephant seal 2
Zvi
Book Review: Going Infinite
Rafael Harth
Why it's so hard to talk about Consciousness
Duncan Sabien (Inactive)
Social Dark Matter
Eric Neyman
How much do you believe your results?
Malmesbury
The Talk: a brief explanation of sexual dimorphism
moridinamael
The Parable of the King and the Random Process
Henrik Karlsson
Cultivating a state of mind where new ideas are born
+

Practical

alkjash
Pain is not the unit of Effort
benkuhn
Staring into the abyss as a core life skill
Unreal
Rest Days vs Recovery Days
Duncan Sabien (Inactive)
In My Culture
juliawise
Notes from "Don't Shoot the Dog"
Elizabeth
Luck based medicine: my resentful story of becoming a medical miracle
johnswentworth
How To Write Quickly While Maintaining Epistemic Rigor
Duncan Sabien (Inactive)
Ruling Out Everything Else
johnswentworth
Paper-Reading for Gears
Elizabeth
Butterfly Ideas
Eliezer Yudkowsky
Your Cheerful Price
benkuhn
To listen well, get curious
Wei Dai
Forum participation as a research strategy
HoldenKarnofsky
Useful Vices for Wicked Problems
pjeby
The Curse Of The Counterfactual
Darmani
Leaky Delegation: You are not a Commodity
Adam Zerner
Losing the root for the tree
chanamessinger
The Onion Test for Personal and Institutional Honesty
Raemon
You Get About Five Words
HoldenKarnofsky
Learning By Writing
GeneSmith
How to have Polygenically Screened Children
AnnaSalamon
“PR” is corrosive; “reputation” is not.
Ruby
Do you fear the rock or the hard place?
johnswentworth
Slack Has Positive Externalities For Groups
Raemon
Limerence Messes Up Your Rationality Real Bad, Yo
mingyuan
Cryonics signup guide #1: Overview
catherio
microCOVID.org: A tool to estimate COVID risk from common activities
Valentine
Noticing the Taste of Lotus
orthonormal
The Loudest Alarm Is Probably False
Raemon
"Can you keep this confidential? How do you know?"
mingyuan
Guide to rationalist interior decorating
Screwtape
Loudly Give Up, Don't Quietly Fade
+

AI Strategy

paulfchristiano
Arguments about fast takeoff
Eliezer Yudkowsky
Six Dimensions of Operational Adequacy in AGI Projects
Ajeya Cotra
Without specific countermeasures, the easiest path to transformative AI likely leads to AI takeover
paulfchristiano
What failure looks like
Daniel Kokotajlo
What 2026 looks like
gwern
It Looks Like You're Trying To Take Over The World
Daniel Kokotajlo
Cortés, Pizarro, and Afonso as Precedents for Takeover
Daniel Kokotajlo
The date of AI Takeover is not the day the AI takes over
Andrew_Critch
What Multipolar Failure Looks Like, and Robust Agent-Agnostic Processes (RAAPs)
paulfchristiano
Another (outer) alignment failure story
Ajeya Cotra
Draft report on AI timelines
Eliezer Yudkowsky
Biology-Inspired AGI Timelines: The Trick That Never Works
Daniel Kokotajlo
Fun with +12 OOMs of Compute
Wei Dai
AI Safety "Success Stories"
Eliezer Yudkowsky
Pausing AI Developments Isn't Enough. We Need to Shut it All Down
HoldenKarnofsky
Reply to Eliezer on Biological Anchors
Richard_Ngo
AGI safety from first principles: Introduction
johnswentworth
The Plan
Rohin Shah
Reframing Superintelligence: Comprehensive AI Services as General Intelligence
lc
What an actually pessimistic containment strategy looks like
Eliezer Yudkowsky
MIRI announces new "Death With Dignity" strategy
KatjaGrace
Counterarguments to the basic AI x-risk case
Adam Scholl
Safetywashing
habryka
AI Timelines
evhub
Chris Olah’s views on AGI safety
So8res
Comments on Carlsmith's “Is power-seeking AI an existential risk?”
nostalgebraist
human psycholinguists: a critical appraisal
nostalgebraist
larger language models may disappoint you [or, an eternally unfinished draft]
Orpheus16
Speaking to Congressional staffers about AI risk
Tom Davidson
What a compute-centric framework says about AI takeoff speeds
abramdemski
The Parable of Predict-O-Matic
KatjaGrace
Let’s think about slowing down AI
Daniel Kokotajlo
Against GDP as a metric for timelines and takeoff speeds
Joe Carlsmith
Predictable updating about AI risk
Raemon
"Carefully Bootstrapped Alignment" is organizationally hard
KatjaGrace
We don’t trade with ants
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Technical AI Safety

paulfchristiano
Where I agree and disagree with Eliezer
Eliezer Yudkowsky
Ngo and Yudkowsky on alignment difficulty
Andrew_Critch
Some AI research areas and their relevance to existential safety
1a3orn
EfficientZero: How It Works
elspood
Security Mindset: Lessons from 20+ years of Software Security Failures Relevant to AGI Alignment
So8res
Decision theory does not imply that we get to have nice things
Vika
Specification gaming examples in AI
Rafael Harth
Inner Alignment: Explain like I'm 12 Edition
evhub
An overview of 11 proposals for building safe advanced AI
TurnTrout
Reward is not the optimization target
johnswentworth
Worlds Where Iterative Design Fails
johnswentworth
Alignment By Default
johnswentworth
How To Go From Interpretability To Alignment: Just Retarget The Search
Alex Flint
Search versus design
abramdemski
Selection vs Control
Buck
AI Control: Improving Safety Despite Intentional Subversion
Eliezer Yudkowsky
The Rocket Alignment Problem
Eliezer Yudkowsky
AGI Ruin: A List of Lethalities
Mark Xu
The Solomonoff Prior is Malign
paulfchristiano
My research methodology
TurnTrout
Reframing Impact
Scott Garrabrant
Robustness to Scale
paulfchristiano
Inaccessible information
TurnTrout
Seeking Power is Often Convergently Instrumental in MDPs
So8res
A central AI alignment problem: capabilities generalization, and the sharp left turn
evhub
Model Organisms of Misalignment: The Case for a New Pillar of Alignment Research
paulfchristiano
The strategy-stealing assumption
So8res
On how various plans miss the hard bits of the alignment challenge
abramdemski
Alignment Research Field Guide
johnswentworth
The Pointers Problem: Human Values Are A Function Of Humans' Latent Variables
Buck
Language models seem to be much better than humans at next-token prediction
abramdemski
An Untrollable Mathematician Illustrated
abramdemski
An Orthodox Case Against Utility Functions
Veedrac
Optimality is the tiger, and agents are its teeth
Sam Ringer
Models Don't "Get Reward"
Alex Flint
The ground of optimization
johnswentworth
Selection Theorems: A Program For Understanding Agents
Rohin Shah
Coherence arguments do not entail goal-directed behavior
abramdemski
Embedded Agents
evhub
Risks from Learned Optimization: Introduction
nostalgebraist
chinchilla's wild implications
johnswentworth
Why Agent Foundations? An Overly Abstract Explanation
zhukeepa
Paul's research agenda FAQ
Eliezer Yudkowsky
Coherent decisions imply consistent utilities
paulfchristiano
Open question: are minimal circuits daemon-free?
evhub
Gradient hacking
janus
Simulators
LawrenceC
Causal Scrubbing: a method for rigorously testing interpretability hypotheses [Redwood Research]
TurnTrout
Humans provide an untapped wealth of evidence about alignment
Neel Nanda
A Mechanistic Interpretability Analysis of Grokking
Collin
How "Discovering Latent Knowledge in Language Models Without Supervision" Fits Into a Broader Alignment Scheme
evhub
Understanding “Deep Double Descent”
Quintin Pope
The shard theory of human values
TurnTrout
Inner and outer alignment decompose one hard problem into two extremely hard problems
Eliezer Yudkowsky
Challenges to Christiano’s capability amplification proposal
Scott Garrabrant
Finite Factored Sets
paulfchristiano
ARC's first technical report: Eliciting Latent Knowledge
Diffractor
Introduction To The Infra-Bayesianism Sequence
TurnTrout
Towards a New Impact Measure
LawrenceC
Natural Abstractions: Key Claims, Theorems, and Critiques
Zack_M_Davis
Alignment Implications of LLM Successes: a Debate in One Act
johnswentworth
Natural Latents: The Math
TurnTrout
Steering GPT-2-XL by adding an activation vector
Jessica Rumbelow
SolidGoldMagikarp (plus, prompt generation)
So8res
Deep Deceptiveness
Charbel-Raphaël
Davidad's Bold Plan for Alignment: An In-Depth Explanation
Charbel-Raphaël
Against Almost Every Theory of Impact of Interpretability
Joe Carlsmith
New report: "Scheming AIs: Will AIs fake alignment during training in order to get power?"
Eliezer Yudkowsky
GPTs are Predictors, not Imitators
peterbarnett
Labs should be explicit about why they are building AGI
HoldenKarnofsky
Discussion with Nate Soares on a key alignment difficulty
Jesse Hoogland
Neural networks generalize because of this one weird trick
paulfchristiano
My views on “doom”
technicalities
Shallow review of live agendas in alignment & safety
Vanessa Kosoy
The Learning-Theoretic Agenda: Status 2023
ryan_greenblatt
Improving the Welfare of AIs: A Nearcasted Proposal
201820192020202120222023All
RationalityWorldOptimizationAI StrategyTechnical AI SafetyPracticalAll
#11
You Get About Five Words

When it comes to coordinating people around a goal, you don't get limitless communication bandwidth for conveying arbitrarily nuanced messages. Instead, the "amount of words" you get to communicate depends on how many people you're trying to coordinate. Once you have enough people....you don't get many words.

by Raemon
#16
Rest Days vs Recovery Days

A Recovery Day (or "slug day"), is where you're so tired you can only binge Netflix or stay in bed. A Rest Day is where you have enough energy to "follow your gut" with no obligations or pressure. Unreal argues that true rest days are important for avoiding burnout, and gives suggestions on how to implement them.

by Unreal
#26
In My Culture

If you want to bring up a norm or expectation that's important to you, but not something you'd necessarily argue should be universal, an option is to preface it with the phrase "in my culture." In Duncan's experience, this helps navigate tricky situations by taking your own personal culture as object, and discussing how it is important to you without making demands of others.

by Duncan Sabien (Inactive)
#28
Forum participation as a research strategy

In this post, I proclaim/endorse forum participation (aka commenting) as a productive research strategy that I've managed to stumble upon, and recommend it to others (at least to try). Note that this is different from saying that forum/blog posts are a good way for a research community to communicate. It's about individually doing better as researchers.

by Wei Dai
#35
Do you fear the rock or the hard place?

Heated, tense arguments can often be unproductive and unpleasant. Neither side feels heard, and they are often working desperately to defend something they feel is very important. Ruby explores this problem and some solutions.

by Ruby
#40
Paper-Reading for Gears

Most advice on reading scientific papers focuses on evaluating individual claims. But what if you want to build a deeper "gears-level" understanding of a system? John Wentworth offers advice on how to read papers to build such models, including focusing on boring details, reading broadly, and looking for mediating variables. 

by johnswentworth
#46
The Curse Of The Counterfactual

Many of us are held back by mental patterns that compare reality to imaginary "shoulds". PJ Eby explains how to recognize this pattern and start to get free of it.

by pjeby
17alkjash
This feels like an extremely important point. A huge number of arguments devolve into exactly this dynamic because each side only feels one of (the Rock|the Hard Place) as a viscerally real threat, while agreeing that the other is intellectually possible.  Figuring out that many, if not most, life decisions are "damned if you do, damned if you don't" was an extremely important tool for me to let go of big, arbitrary psychological attachments which I initially developed out of fear of one nasty outcome.
11adamShimi
This post proposes 4 ideas to help building gears-level models from papers that already passed the standard epistemic check (statistics, incentives): * Look for papers which are very specific and technical, to limit the incentives to overemphasize results and present them in a “saving the world” light. * Focus on data instead of on interpretations. * Read papers on different aspects of the same question/gear * Look for mediating variables/gears to explain multiple results at once (The second section, “Zombie Theories”, sounds more like epistemic check than gears-level modeling to me) I didn’t read this post before today, so it’s hard to judge the influence it will have on me. Still, I can already say that the first idea (move away from the goal) is one I had never encountered, and by itself it probably helps a lot in literature search and paper reading. The other three ideas are more obvious to me, but I’m glad that they’re stated somewhere in detail. The examples drawn from biology also definitely help.
11pjeby
I got an email from Jacob L. suggesting I review my own post, to add anything that might offer a more current perspective, so here goes... One thing I've learned since writing this is that counterfactualizing, while it doesn't always cause akrasia, it is definitely an important part of how we maintain akrasia: what some people have dubbed "meta-akrasia". When we counterfactualize that we "should have done" something, we create moral license for our past behavior. But also, when we encounter a problem and think, "I should [future action]", we are often licensing ourselves to not do something now. In both cases, the real purpose of the "should" in our thoughts is to avoid thinking about something unpleasant in the current moment. Whether we punish our past self or promote our future self, both moves will feel better than thinking about the actual problem... if the problem conflicts with our desired self-image. But neither one actually results in any positive change, because our subconscious intent is to virtue-signal away the cognitive dissonance arising from an ego threat... not to actually do anything about the problem from which the ego threat arose. In the year since I wrote this article, I've stopped viewing the odd things people have to be talked out of (in order to change) as weird, individual, one-off phenomena, and begun viewing them in terms of "flinch defenses"... which is to say, "how people keep themselves stuck by rationalizing away ego threats instead of addressing them directly." There are other rationalizations besides counterfactual ones, of course, but the concepts in this article (and the subsequent discussion in comments) helped to point me in the right direction to refine the flinch-defense pattern as a specific pattern and category, rather than as an ad hoc collection of similar-but-different behavior patterns.
10Raemon
Partial Self Review: There's an obvious set of followup work to be done here, which is to ask "Okay, this post was vague poetry meant to roughly illustrate a point. But, how many words do you actually precisely have?" What are the in-depth models that let you predict precisely how much nuance you have to work with? Less obvious to me is whether this post should become a longer, more rigorous post, or whether it should stay it's short, poetic self, and have those questions get explored in a different post with different goals.  Also less obvious to me is how the LessWrong Review should relate to short, poetic posts. I think it's quite important that this post be clearly labeled as poetry, and also, that we consider the work "unfinished" until there is a some kind of post that delves more deeply into these questions. But, for example, I think Babble last year was more like poetry than like a clear model, and it was nonetheless valuable and good to be part of the Best Of book. So, I'm thinking about this post from two lenses.  1. What are simple net-improvements I can make to this post, without sacrificing it's overall aim of being short/accessible/poetic? 2. Sketch out the research/theory agenda I'd want to see for the more detailed version. I did just look over the post, and notice that the poetry... wasn't especially good. There is mild cleverness in having the sections get shorter as they discuss larger coordination-groups. But I think I probably could write a post that was differently poetic. Or, find ways of making a short/accessible version that doesn't bother being poetic but is is nonetheless clear. I'm worried about every post having to be a rigorous, fully caveated explanation. That might be the right standard for the review, but not obviously. Some points that should be made somewhere, whether editing the OP or in a followup: 1. Yes, you can invest in processes that help you reach more people, more reliably. But those tools are effortful to build
33DanielFilan
I think this post, as promised in the epistemic status, errs on the side of simplistic poetry. I see its core contribution as saying that the more people you want to communicate to, the less you can communicate to them, because the marginal people aren't willing to put in work to understand you, and because it's harder to talk to marginal people who are far away and can't ask clarifying questions or see your facial expressions or hear your tone of voice. The numbers attached (e.g. 'five' and 'thousands of people') seem to not be super precise. That being said: the numbers are the easiest thing to take away from this post. The title includes the words 'about five' but not the words 'simplifed poetry'. And I'm just not sure about the numbers. The best part of the post is the initial part, which does a calculation and links to a paper to support an order-of-magnitude calculation on how many words you can communicate to people. But as the paragraphs go on, the justifications get less airtight, until it's basically an assertion. I think I understand stylistically why this was done, but at the end of the day that's the trade-off that was made. So a reader of this post has to ask themselves: Why is the number about five? Is this 'about' meaning that you have a factor of 2 wiggle-room? 10? 100? How do I know that this kicks in once I hit thousands of people, rather than hundreds or millions? If I want to communicate to billions of people, does that go down much? These questions are left unanswered in the post. That would be fine if they were answered somewhere else that was linked, but they aren't. As such, the discerning reader should only believe the conclusion (to the extent they can make it out) if they trust Ray Arnold, the author. I think plausibly people should trust Ray on this, at least people who know him. But much of the readership of this post doesn't know him and has no reason to trust him on this one. Overall: this post has a true and important core that c